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单位代码10635学号112015310000764硕士学位论文“冷”的概念隐喻在唐诗宋词中的对比研究论文作者:龙莹指导教师:文旭教授学科专业:英语语言文学研究方向:英语语言学提交论文日期:2018年4月2日论文答辩日期:2018年5月19日学位授予单位:西南大学中国重庆2018年4月
独创性声明学位论文题目:“冷”的概念隐喻在唐诗宋词中的对比研究本人提交的学位论文是在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。论文中引用他人已经发表或出版过的研究成果,文中已加了特别标注。对本研究及学位论文撰写曾做出贡献的老师、朋友、同仁在文中作了明确说明并表示衷心感谢。学位论文作者:签字日期:2018年4月15日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解西南大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权西南大学研究生院(筹)可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。(保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书,本论文:□不保密,□保密期限至年月止)。学位论文作者签名:导师签名:签字日期:2018年4月15日签字日期:2018年4月15日
AContrastiveAnalysisontheConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”betweenTangPoemsandSongLyricsLongYingSupervisorProf.WenXuAThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofM.A.inEnglishCOLLEGEOFINTERNATIONALSTUDIESSOUTHWESTUNIVERSITYApril,2018
AcknowledgementsIntheprocessofwriting,Ihavegotalotofhelp.Here,Iwanttoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeinthewritingprocess.Firstofall,IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltthankstoProfessorWenXu,mysupervisor.Hehadputforwardvaluablesuggestionsandeffectiveguidanceinmylearningandlife.Heprovidedhelpduringthewholeprocessofmywriting.Withouthishelp,thisthesiswouldnothavebeenwhatitisnow.IalsooweadebtofgratitudetoalltheprofessorsintheCollegeofInternationalStudies.Ihavebenefitedalotduringthethreeyearsandmakegoodpreparationforthethesisfromtheirdevotedteaching.Finally,Ishouldliketoexpressmygratitudetomybelovedparentsandfriendswhohavehelpedmeoutoftheplightandsupportedmewithoutcomplaining.Bestwishesforyouall!
ContentsAbstract..................................................................................................................................I摘要................................................................................................................................IIIChapterOneIntroduction..................................................................................................11.1ResearchBackgroundandQuestions......................................................................11.2ResearchSignificanceandObjectives....................................................................21.3MethodologyandDataCollection..........................................................................31.4OrganizationoftheThesis......................................................................................41.5Summary.................................................................................................................5ChapterTwoLiteratureReview.........................................................................................62.1ReviewoftheCognitiveStudiesonTangPoemsandSongLyrics........................62.2ReviewoftheCognitiveStudieson“Leng”...........................................................82.3Summary.................................................................................................................9ChapterThreeTheoreticalFoundations..........................................................................113.1FeaturesofConceptualMetaphor.........................................................................123.1.1Prominence..................................................................................................123.1.2Systematization............................................................................................133.1.3CultureCoherence.......................................................................................133.2ClassificationofConceptualMetaphor.................................................................143.2.1StructuralMetaphor.....................................................................................143.2.2OrientationalMetaphor................................................................................153.2.3OntologicalMetaphor..................................................................................153.3WorkingMechanismofConceptualMetaphor.....................................................173.4Summary...............................................................................................................19ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyrics..........204.1ConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoems.................................................204.1.1MappingontoVisionDomain......................................................................204.1.2MappingontoEmotionDomain..................................................................244.1.3MappingontoAttitudeDomain...................................................................27i
西南大学硕士学位论文4.1.4MappingontoSocialandEconomicStatusDomain...................................274.1.5MappingontoStateofThingsDomain.......................................................284.1.6Summary......................................................................................................304.2ConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inSongLyrics.................................................304.2.1MappingontoVisionDomain.....................................................................314.2.2MappingontoEmotionDomain..................................................................324.2.3MappingontoAttitudeDomain...................................................................344.2.4MappingontoSocialandEconomicStatusDomain...................................354.2.5MappingontoStateofThingsDomain.......................................................354.2.6MappingontoRelationshipDomain............................................................364.2.7Summary......................................................................................................36ChapterFiveContrastbetweenMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyrics385.1ContrastbetweenMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyrics............385.2AnalysisofReasonsforSimilaritiesandDifferences...........................................405.2.1ReasonsforSimilarities...............................................................................405.2.2ReasonsforDifferences...............................................................................425.3Summary...............................................................................................................47ChapterSixConclusion...................................................................................................486.1MajorFindingsandImplications..........................................................................486.2LimitationsandSuggestions.................................................................................49References..........................................................................................................................51Appendix............................................................................................................................54ii
ListofTablesTable1.1TheDetailedInformationoftheData...................................................................4Table4.1TargetDomainsof“Leng”andPercentageinTangPoems................................30Table4.2TargetDomainsof“Leng”andPercentageinSongLyrics................................37Table5.1DistributionofImagesof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyrics....................39iii
AContrastiveAnalysisontheConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”betweenTangPoemsandSongLyricsAbstractWiththedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationinrecentyears,culturalglobalizationhassprunguprapidly.Asanationsteepedinculture,theextensiveandprofoundChineseculturehasattractedmoreandmoreforeignerstolearnit.ThecomprehensionofChineseancientliteratureisthebasicandinevitableelementoflearningChineseculture.AsanimportantpartofChineseancientliterature,TangpoemsandSonglyricsfaithfullyreflectpeople’slifestyles,socialcustomsandnationalsituationsatthetimewhentheywereproduced,inthatsense,thevalueofTangpoemsandSonglyricsisononlyaesthetic,butalsosocialandhistorical.However,language,culturalbackgroundandthinkinghabitssetupahugegapforforeignerstounderstandandacceptChineseancientliterature.UnderstandingthemetaphorsinTangpoemsandSonglyricscanmakeiteasierandbettertofullyunderstandtheartisticconceptionofthem.Overtheyears,thereareplentyofstudiesaboutmetaphorsinTangpoemsandSonglyrics.However,thestudiesontemperaturemetaphorsinthemarerare,especiallyontheword“Leng(冷,whichmeanscoldinEnglish)”.Thisthesistakes“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsastheobject,andmakesasystematiccorpus-basedstudyofitundertheguidanceoftheConceptualMetaphorTheory.Thisthesisaimstoaddressthreeresearchquestions:(1)Whattargetdomainsare“Leng”mappedontoinTangpoemsandSonglyrics?(2)Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetdomainsof“Leng”inTangpomesandSongLyrics?(3)WhydothosesimilaritiesanddifferencesexistinTangpoemsandSonglyrics?Inordertoanswertheabovequestions,thisthesismakesaquantifiedstudyontheconceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsbasedonQuanTangShiandQuanSongCi,andtheworksofsixteenwell-knownpoetsarechoseninourdata.Amongthem,LiBai,BaiJuyi,DuFu,LiuYuxi,DuMu,CenShenandWangWeiI
西南大学硕士学位论文arethepoetsoftheTangDynasty,andSuShi,XinQiji,ZhangXiaoxiang,LiuGuo,LiQingzhao,LiuYong,ZhouBangyanandCaoXunarethepoetsofSongDynasty.Thegenderofpoets,differentpoetryschoolsandthemesarealsotakenintoconsiderationintheselection.Sothetypicalityandgeneralizationofthestudycanbeguaranteed.Byanalyzingtheconceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”intheirworks,themajorfindingsofthissystematicthesisareasfollows:First,accordingtotheirownlifeexperiences,humanbeingsexpresstheirimagesandemotionsbymeansofmetaphorsof“Leng”.Withtheconceptof“Leng”asthesourcedomain,therearemultiplemetaphormappings,whosetargetdomainsinTangpoemsarevision,emotion,attitude,socialandeconomicstatusandstateofthings,andtargetdomainsinSonglyricsarevision,emotion,attitude,socialandeconomicstatues,stateofthingsandrelationship.Mostofabstracttargetdomainsreflectedinmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsarethesame,excepttherelationshipdomainwhichexistsinSonglyricsbutnotinTangpoems.Second,whenreflectingthesametargetdomain,differentmappingsareshowedbetweenTangpoemsandSonglyrics.Third,“Leng”isusedmorefrequentlyinSonglyricsthaninTangpoems.Finally,accordingtothepreviousstudies,thesimilaritiesanddifferencesofmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsarepresented.Thesesimilaritiesarecausedbythefollowingreasons:coincidenthumanexperience,theuniversalcognitionoftheworldandtheinheritanceoflanguage.Whilethedifferenthistoricalbackgrounds,personalexperienceandstylesofpoetrycausethedifferencesbetweenmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyrics.ThisthesisprovidestheoreticalbasisofcognitivelinguisticsforfurtherstudiesonTangpoemsandSonglyricstosomeextent.Inaddition,comprehendingthemetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricscanhelpforeignersunderstandthosepoemsbetter,anditcanalsocontributetotransmittingChineseancientcultureanddeepeningtheinfluenceofChinesecultureontheworld.KeyWords:Tangpoems;Songlyrics;theConceptualMetaphorTheory;“Leng”II
“冷”的概念隐喻在唐诗宋词中的对比研究摘要随着当今经济全球化的发展,文化全球化随之快速兴起。中国作为文化大国,其深厚的文化底蕴吸引了越来越多的外国友人。而了解中国古代文学则是学习中国文化的基础与必然因素。唐诗宋词作为中国古代文学的重要组成部分,忠实地反映了当时人们的生活方式、社会习俗和民族状况,不仅具有审美价值,更具有社会和历史价值。然而,语言、文化背景和思维习惯造成了外国友人理解唐诗宋词,学习中国文化的鸿沟。而理解唐诗宋词中的隐喻能有助于充分理解唐诗宋词的意境和内涵。历年以来,关于唐诗宋词中隐喻的研究不胜枚举,然后,关于温度隐喻的研究相对较少,关于“冷”字的研究则少之又少。本文以概念隐喻理论为指导,对唐诗宋词中“冷”的概念隐喻进行基于语料库的系统分析。本研究旨在回答以下三个问题:(1)唐诗宋词中,“冷”的概念被映射到哪些目标域中?(2)“冷”的目标域在唐诗宋词中有何异同?(3)造成唐诗宋词中,“冷”的目标域异同的原因是什么?为了解答以上研究问题,本文以《全唐诗》和《全宋词》为数据基础,对唐诗宋词中“冷”对概念隐喻进行量化统计。本研究收集了16位著名唐代诗人和宋代词人的作品,其中,唐代诗人我们选取了李白、白居易、杜甫、刘禹锡、杜牧、韩愈、岑参和王维,宋代词人我们选取了苏轼、辛弃疾、张孝祥、刘过、李清照、柳永、周邦彦和曹勋。在此选择过程中,诗人的性别,诗歌的流派,以及诗歌的主题均被考虑在内,以期保证研究的典型性普遍性。通过研究以上唐宋诗人作品中“冷”的概念隐喻,本文得出以下结论:第一,基于生活经验,人们可以通过“冷”来表达意象与情感。在唐诗中,“冷”的概念隐喻可以映射到五个目标域:视觉、情感、态度、社会经济地位和事物状态;在宋词中,“冷”的概念隐喻可以映射到六个目标域:视觉、情感、态度、社会经济地位、事物状态和关系。除了关系域只出现在宋词中,而没有在唐诗中,其它情况大致相同。第二,当“冷”作为源域被映射到同一目标域时,其在唐诗宋词中呈现出不同III
西南大学硕士学位论文的映射关系。第三,“冷”在宋词中出现的频率高于唐诗。最后,造成“冷”的概念隐喻在唐诗宋词中情况相同的原因有,人类相似的生活经验、对世界的普遍认知和语言传承,造成不同的原因则是不同的历史背景、个人历经和诗歌风格。本研究为唐诗宋词的进一步研究提供了一定的认知语言学理论依据。此外,理解唐诗宋词中“冷”的概念隐喻有助于外国人更透彻地理解唐诗宋词,以此有助于传播中国古代文化,加深中国文化对世界的影响力。关键词:唐诗;宋词;概念隐喻理论;“冷”IV
ChapterOneIntroductionPoetsusuallyusemetaphorstoexpressthecontentofpoemsvividly.InTangpoemsandSonglyrics,thereareplentyofmetaphorsoftemperaturewordswhichofferreadersinspirationandrichreveries.Fromtheperspectiveofcognition,thisthesistriestoanalyzetheconceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricswithintheframeworkoftheConceptualMetaphorTheory.ItcanenhanceabetterunderstandingofTangpoemsandSonglyrics,andtoacertainextent,throwanewlightonteaching,appreciationandtranslationofthem.Atthesametime,thisstudycanalsobroadenthescopeofconceptualmetaphorstudy.Furthermore,itwilladvanceandenrichthestudyofChineseancientliterature.1.1ResearchBackgroundandQuestionsSinceLakoffandJohnsonputforwardthetheoryofconceptualmetaphorintheirbookMetaphorsWeLiveBy,moreandmorescholarsmakecontributionsinthestudyofmetaphorwithinthecognitionarea.Fromthenon,metaphorisnotsimplyregardedasarhetoricdeviceoflanguage,butacognitivewayofthinkingandbehavior.Itisfoundwidelyexitinginourlanguage,anditisamatterofconceptualsystemofourbodyexperience.Temperatureisoneofthecommonandfamiliarnaturalphenomenaofourmaterialworld,beingusedtodescribethedegreeofhotnessandcoldnessofobjects,buttheunderlyingstructureofitsmeaningisfarbeyondourimagination.Whenwesay“心灰意冷”(dispiritedanddownhearted),wedonotreallymeanthatwefeelcold,butexpressthefeelingsofsadordisappointed.ThesecasesarefrequentlyfoundinTangpoemsandSonglyrics,especiallytheworld“Leng”.Forinstances,“红楼隔雨相望冷”(Lookingattheredtowerthroughtherain,Ifeelsosadandlonely),whenwereadthisverse,wenaturallyfeelthepoet’ssorrow.Basedonthemappingbetweenthetemperaturedomainandtheemotiondomain,theword“Leng”expressestheunderlyingmeaningoftemperature.1
西南大学硕士学位论文Sowhatelsedomainscan“Leng”bemappedontoinTangpomesandSongLyrics?Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesofthoseconceptualdomainsof“Leng”betweenTangpomesandSongLyrics?Andwhatleadstothosesimilaritiesanddifferences?Thesearethequestionsthatwearegoingtoaddressinthisstudy.1.2ResearchSignificanceandObjectivesBeingoneofthemostpreciousliteratureheritagesofChina,poemscontainrichculturalinformation,faithfullyrepresentinguspeople’slifestyles,socialcustomsandnationalsituationsatthetimewhentheywereproduced,sothesignificanceoftheirvalueisnotonlyaesthetic,butalsosocialandhistorical.TangpomesandSonglyricsformedaparticularlyimportantpartofChinesepomes,andtheyareincrediblebeautifulflowersinthegardenofChinesepoems.Inordertounderstandtheartisticconceptionandconnotationcontainedinthem,itisnecessarytounderstandthemetaphorsinvolvedin.AnalyzingandstudyingthemetaphorsinTangpoemsandSonglyricsfromtheperspectiveoftheConceptualMetaphorTheorymakesusunderstandthepsychologicalfoundationofthemdeeply,arousingtheresonancebetweenreadersandpoets,soastoleavereadersadeeperunderstandingofthebeautyinTangpoemsandSonglyrics.What’smore,withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,culturalglobalizationhassprunguprapidly.MoreandmoreforeignerswanttoknowaboutChinaandgetclosetoChineseculture,andancientChineseliteratureisthebasicandinevitableelementforthemtolearnaboutChina.However,language,culturalbackgroundandthinkinghabitsisahugegapforthemtounderstandandacceptancientChineseliterature.Toacertainextant,learningaboutthemetaphorsof“Leng”inChinesepoemscanmakeiteasierandbettertocomprehendtheconnotationofChinesepoemsforforeigners,for“Leng”frequentlyappearancesinChinesepoemsandcontainsalotofunderlyingmeanings.Atthesametime,itisalsohelpfulforthedevelopmentofTeachingChineseasaForeignLanguage,whichhelpstopopularizeChineseandspreadancientChinesecultureeffectively,deepenstheinfluenceofChinaontheworldandpromotesculturalexchangesandcooperationbetweenChinaandothercountries.Basedontheaboveconsideration,thisthesiswilltrytostudythetargetconceptual2
ChapterOneIntroductiondomainsof“Leng”inplentyofTangpoemsandSonglyrics,findthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheconceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsandanalysisthereasonsforthosesimilaritiesanddifferences.1.3MethodologyandDataCollection“Leng”frequentlyappearsinTangpoemsandSonglyrics.Asaspecificlanguagephenomenon,thefirststepofstudyingitistodescribeit.Firstly,basedonaclosedcorpus,thisthesiscollectsdatasystematically.ThedatacollectionisbasednoQuanTangShiandQuanSongCi.Thesebooksinvolvenearly50,000Tangpoemsand20,000Songlyricswrittenbymorethan3,500poets.Asaresultoflimitedtime,energyandability,thisthesischoosethepoemswrittenbysomewell-knownpoetsasdata.ForTangpoems,DuMu,BaiJuyi,DuFu,LiuYuxi,LiBai,CenShen,WangWeiandHanYuareselectedhere.ForSonglyrics,Sushi,XinQiji,LiQingzhao,LiuGuo,ZhangXiaoxiang,ZhouBangyan,CaoXunandLiuYongareselected.Thesepoets,respectively,coverthewholetwodynasties.Thegenderofpoets,differentpoetryschoolsandthemesarealsotakenintoconsiderationintheselection.Sothetypicalityandgeneralizationofthestudycanbeguaranteed.Inthecorpus,thereare7,279piecesofTangpoemsand7,093piecesofSonglyrics.Amongthem,thenumberofTangpoemscontaining“Leng”is202,whiletheoneofSonglyricsis278.Thedetailedinformationofthedataispresentedinthetable1.1.BecausethosepoemswerewritteninancientChinese,weneedtoanalyzethemwiththehelpofreferencebooksandourknowledge.TheEnglishtranslationsofthesepomesaremostlycitedfromXuYuanchong(2007).Andthen,thethesisanalyzes,categorizesandconcludesthetargetdomainsof“Leng”mappedontoinTangpoemsandSongLyricsrespectively.Atthesametime,theunderlyingreasonsfortheformingofthemetaphoricalmeaningsarerevealed.Atlast,thedifferencesandsimilaritiesoftargetdomainsof“Leng”betweenTangPomesandSonglyricsareanalyzedandconcluded.3
西南大学硕士学位论文Table1.1TheDetailedInformationoftheDataTangPoemsSchoolWriterNum.ofPiece“Leng”Percentage1LiBai98150.5%2BaiJuyi2,7411234.5%3DuFu1,170383.2%4LiuYuxi72260.8%5DuMu51481.6%6HanYu359102.8%7Censhen385112.9%8WangWei40710.2%Total7,2792022.8%SongLyricsHao1SuShi3,4591093.2%Fang2XinQiji816283.4%3ZhangXiaoxiang22062.7%4LiuGuo449235.1%Wan5LiQingzhao9033.3%Yue6LiuYong291196.5%7ZhouBangyan254103.9%8CaoXun1,514805.3%Total7,0932783.9%1.4OrganizationoftheThesisThethesisiscomposedofsixparts.Thefirstchapterisabriefintroductiondealingwithresearchbackground,questions,objectives,significanceandorganizationofthisstudy,aswellasthemethodologyanddatacollectionduringtheanalysis.ThesecondchapteroverviewsthecognitivestudiesonTangpoemsandSonglyricsandthecognitivestudieson“Leng”.Theinadequacyoftheformerstudiesandthenecessityofthepresentstudywillalsobediscussedinthischapter.4
ChapterOneIntroductionThethirdchapterconstructsatheoreticalframeworkofthisstudy.Thedefinition,characteristics,classificationandtheworkingmechanismofconceptualmetaphorwillbeintroduced.Theforthchapterfocusesonthecognitiveanalysisoftheconceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsintheclosedcorpus.Itcoverstheexaminationofwhattargetdomainsthesourcedomainof“Leng”ismappedontoinTangpomesandSonglyricsrespectivelyandprobetheunderlyingreasons.Thefifthchapterfocusesonthecontrastoftheconceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”betweenTangpoemsandSonglyrics,andanalyzesthereasonsforthosesimilaritiesanddifferences.Thelastchapterdrawsaconclusionofthisstudy,summarizesmainfindings,pointssomelimitationsofthisthesisandputforwardsomesuggestionsforfurtherstudies.1.5SummaryTosumup,basedonaclosedcorpus,thisthesisstudythemetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpomesandSonglyricsundertheguidanceoftheConceptualMetaphorTheory,tryingtobroadenthescopeofconceptualmetaphorstudy,andadvanceandenrichthestudyofChineseancientliterature.5
ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewStudieson“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsareveryfew.Scholarsdonotattachenoughimportancetothisfield.Inthatcase,thestudiesonTangpoemsandSonglyrics,andthestudieson“Leng”fromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguisticsarepresentedseparatelyinthischapter.Therefore,thischapterconsistsoftwoparts.ThefirstoneisthecognitivestudiesonTangpoemsandSonglyricswhichbrieflyintroducetheresearchtrendandpopularityofTangpoemsandSonglyrics.Thecognitivestudieson“Leng”willbepresentedinthesecondpart.2.1ReviewoftheCognitiveStudiesonTangPoemsandSongLyricsCognitivelinguisticsisthestudyoflanguagebymeansofourexperienceintheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.Itisanewparadigminlinguisticswhichcontainsmanydifferenttheories,methodsandresearchtopics.Theapplicationofcognitivelinguisticshasbeeninvolvedinvariousfields.Asforpoemsandlyrics,foreignlinguistssuchasLeech(1969),Owen(1973),LakoffandTuner(1989)havemadesomeattemptsinEnglishones.AndtherearealsomanyscholarsstudyingTangpoemsandSonglyricsfromtheperspectiveofcognitionathome.MostofthesestudiesfocusesontheEnglishtranslationsofthosepoemsandlyrics.Forexample,GuoTing(2013)studiedthemetaphorsintheTangpoem“春江花月夜(TheMoonovertheRiveronaSpringNight)”inacognitiveapproach.ThiskindofpapershaddoneresearchesontheEnglishtranslationsofsomespecificTangpoemsandSonglyricsfromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics.Ontheonehand,theydemonstratedthefeasibilityandvalidityofapplyingthecognitiveapproachtotheanalysisofclassicalChinesepoetry.Ontheotherhand,theyfulfilledthestudyofChineseliteratureandcognitivestudy.Buttheirdataareverylimitedanddon’thaveenoughrepresentativeness.Muchmoreworkneedtobedonetomaketheirstudiesmorerigorousandvaluable.6
ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewThefollowingstudiesarerelativelymorepersuasive,fortheyarebasedonmoreexhaustivecorpus.ZhouJie(2007)discussedtheConceptualIntegrationTheoryanditsapplicationtothemetaphortranslationofTangpoems.ThispapertookthetranslationofmetaphorsasabreakthroughinthetranslationstudyofTangpoems.Takingmetaphorsappearinginthe“唐诗三百首(ThreeHundredTangPoems)”asthecorpus,thispaperinterpretedthemetaphorsinTangpoemsfromtheperspectiveoftheConceptualBlendingTheory,analyzingandputtingforwardthetranslationstrategiesofmetaphorsinTangpoems.WangMiao(2007)discussedthedifferentEnglishtranslationmethodsofmetaphorsinTangpoems.SongJun(2009)madeadescriptiveresearchofthetranslationofontologicalmetaphorsinTangpoemsformtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics,tryingtofindoutthetranslationstrategiesofvariousontologicalmetaphorsinTangpoems.LiQian(2015)madeananalysisofEnglishtranslationsofsomeTangPoemsbasedonVolkerNiel’smappingtheory,revealingthreedifferentcognitivewaysoftheimagetransmissioninEnglishtranslationsofthoseTangpoems.ThispapercombinedVolkerNiel’smappingtheoryandimagetransmissioninpoetry,presentingthecognitiveprocessofimagetransmissioninpoetry.Itprovidedanewperspectiveandmethodforthecross-culturalstudyoftraditionalliterature,whichplayedacertainroleinpromotingtheforeigncommunicationofChinesetraditionalliterature.LiuWei(2017)studiedtheEnglishtranslationsoflovemetaphorsinTangpoemsundertheConceptualMetaphorTheory.ThisstudysummarizedthetypesoflovemetaphorsinTangpoemsbydescriptiveresearchmethod,exploredthedeepreasonswhypoetsusetheselovemetaphors,andputforwardsomefeasibletranslationstrategies.TheaboveauthorshavedonevariousstudiesonTangpoemsandSonglyricswithintheareaofcognitivelinguistics,whichareofgreatbenefittothedisseminationofChinesetraditionalliteratureandcognitivelinguistics.Butactually,theirresearchobjectivesarenotspecificenoughandthecorpusarenotstillexhaustiveenough.Inthatcase,thispaperwillbetryingtoavoidthoseproblemsmentionedabove.What’smore,thosestudieseitherputthestudyemphasisonthetranslationofTang7
西南大学硕士学位论文pomesandSonglyricsorlimitedthestudyofmetaphorinonecertainpoem.NoneofthemhavesystematicallystudiedandcontrastedthemetaphorofoneconceptinTangpoemsandSonglyricswithinanexhaustivecorpus.Thatiswhatthisstudyisgoingtoachieve.Thenextpartisaboutsomereviewsofcognitivestudieson“Leng”.2.2ReviewoftheCognitiveStudieson“Leng”Withthedevelopmentofcognitivestudyofmetaphor,moreandmorescholarsfocusedtheirattentiontothemetaphorofwords.Metaphoricalstudiesofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandprepositionswerewidelydiscussed.Foradjectives,somescholarsshowedtheirinterestintemperatureadjectives,andtheystudiedtemperaturewordsfromvaryingperspectives.Mostofthosestudiesfocusedonthecontrastoftemperaturewordsindifferentlanguages,withChineseandEnglishbeingthemajorcomponents,andsomeotherinvolvedlanguageswereJapanese,Korean,Russianandsoon.Herecomesomeexamples.YaoLi(2006)andLiYang(2015)contrastedthemetaphoroftemperatureinEnglishandChinesefromtheperspectiveoftheConceptualMetaphorTheory.LiShouquan(2013)analyzedthecognitivecontrastoftemperaturemetaphorbetweenEnglishandChinese.CaoLinlin(2013)discussedthecontrastofconceptualmetaphoroftemperaturebetweenChineseandKorean.PengChuanwei(2009)andWangXinying(2015)carriedonthecontrastivestudyoftemperaturemetaphorinChineseandRussian.Bytheabovecontrastiveanalysis,commonality,diversityanddifferencesoftemperaturewordshavebeenfound.Thereasonsthatleadtothedifferencesincludesculturalbackgroundandthewayofcognition,butthecommonalitystilloverwhelmsthedifferences.Fromtheaboveresearchdata,wecanseethatthemostresearchersstudiedthemetaphoricalprojectionoftemperaturedomainasawhole,whilethereislesscontrastivestudyoftheconceptualmetaphorofaspecificconceptinthetemperaturedomain.8
ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewChinesescholarsdividethetemperaturewordsintofouraspects:“热”,“温”,“凉”and“冷”.Theybelievethatthosefourbasicsensorywordsreflectpeople’sbasicunderstandingoftheconceptoftemperatureandthosewordsplayacoreroleintemperaturewords.Thatdivisionalsocorrespondsto“hot”,“warm”,“cool”and“cold”inEnglish.Atpresent,therearemorestudiesontheword“hot/热”intheresearchoftemperaturewords,whiletheresearchon“cold/冷”isrelativelyfew,whichbasicallystaysatthegeneralintroductionlevel.Herecomessomeexample.WuFang(2009)examinedthecognitivemotivationofthedevelopmentof“Han(寒,whichalsomeanscoldinEnglish)”and“Leng”fromthethreecognitiveperspectivesofperceivedprominence,categorytypicalityandcognitivemetaphoricity.SunYiandZhuWenjing(2011)revealedandinterpretedtheintrinsiccharacteristicsofidiomsfromtheperspectiveofcognitivemetaphorology,combingwithalargenumberofrepresentativeidiomscontaining“Leng”.DengQiandYangZhong(2014)madeaquantitativecontrastbetweenEnglishandChineseadjectives“cold/冷”fromtheperspectiveoffunctionandcognition,findingthatthelinguisticrepresentationofmetaphoricalmeaningiscloselyrelatedtoitssemanticfunction.ThesemanticconstrualofEnglishandChineseadjectivesisrealizedbylexicalandsyntacticmeans.LuYi(2017)madeacognitiveexplorationofChineseandEnglishbasictemperaturewords“热/hot”and“cold/冷”byusingthebasictheoryofcognitivelinguistics,focusingonanalyzingthespecificprocessofcognition.Accordingtotheabovedata,wecanseethatmostofthepreviousstudieshavebeencarriedoutonthebasisofreflectionandlackofdetaileddatainvestigation.Althoughthecorpushasbeenusedintheresearchoftemperaturewordsinrecentyears,sufficientexamplesstillhavenotbeentakenintheresearchof“Leng”,sothelanguagefactof“Leng”cannotbefullyreflected.2.3SummaryAsageneralview,beforetheConceptualMetaphorTheoryisputforward,peopletendedtostudypoemsformsometraditionalapproaches.Butinrecentyears,moreandmorescholarsstudyTangpoemsandSonglyricsfromtheperspectiveofcognition,andmanyscholarsuseittoanalyzestrategiesoftranslatingthem.Andtherearealsosome9
西南大学硕士学位论文studiesinvolvingtemperaturewords.However,thestudiesspecificallyrelatedto“Leng”arerarerelatively.What’smore,althoughmostscholarstakepoetryasmaterial,theirstudiesareseldombasedonspecificcorpus.However,someresearchmethodsarestillworthreferencing.Byabsorbingtheadvantagesofpredecessorsandavoidingtheirshortcomings,thisstudyaimsatsystematicallyanalyzingthecorpuscontaining“Leng”inthespecificareaofTangpoemsandSonglyrics,inordertoenrichtheresearchresultsofpredecessors.10
ChapterThreeTheoreticalFoundationsTheEnglishword“metaphor”comesfromGreekintheviewpointofetymology.“Meta”containsthemeaningof“across”,and“-phor”conveysthemeaningof“carry”,sotheoriginalmeaningof“metaphor”expressesafrom-one-to-anothermovement,atransition(ShuDinfang,2000:41).Itisawidelyusedformofspeech,whichisaspeechphenomenonthatpeopleuseconcrete,visibleandsimplesourcedomainstoexpressandunderstandabstract,invisibleandcomplexconcepttargetdomainstoachieveabstractthinking.Metaphorhasbeenstudiedformanyyears.In1980,withthepublicationofMetaphorsWeLiveBy,whichwaswrittenbyGeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnsons,thecognitiveapproachtometaphorgotamajorbreakthrough.TheyputforwardtheConceptualMetaphorTheoryinthisbook,whichmarkedthestartingpointofthestudyofthistheory.TheConceptualMetaphorTheorysoonbecameapopularcognitivetheory,whichreferstothetheorythatpeopleoftenusesomeconcreteconceptstoexpressandunderstandsomeabstractconceptsbymeansofmetaphor.Specifically,itrefersthatthetwoconceptualdomainsinvolvedinconceptualmetaphor(sourcedomainandtargetdomain)achievemetaphorizationbetweenconcreteconceptsandabstractconceptsbybuildingconceptualstructure.Generallyspeaking,thistheoryviewsmetaphorasawayofthinkingandcognition,whichisverydifferentfromthetraditionalideasaboutmetaphor.Itregardsmetaphorasnotonlyakindofrhetoricaldeviceoflanguage,butalsoacognitivephenomenon.AccordingtoLakoffandJohnson,metaphorisuniversalinourdailylife,notonlyinlanguage,butalsointhoughtandaction.Theconceptsystemweusuallythinkofisessentiallymetaphorical.Theybelievethattheessenceofmetaphoristocomprehendandexperienceonekindofthingintermsofanother.What’smore,theythinkthatconceptualmetaphorisacross-domainmappingofthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain,anditcancreatenewmeaningsandexpressnewideas.Definingnew11
西南大学硕士学位论文substancesandendowingnewconceptintooldsubstancesarethemainformsofthisfunction.Essentially,metaphorispervasiveandcognitive.Metaphorisacommonphenomenoninourdailylife,andmetaphorinpoetryhasnothingdifferentwithcommonmetaphor.Metaphorinpoetryisjustmoredramaticandvivid,andactually,itisalsoconventionalmetaphor(LanChun,2005).Metaphorisfarmoreawayofthinkingreflectedbylanguagethanatypeofrhetoricfromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics.Languageismetaphoricalinourdailylife.Metaphorisoftenusedtoexpressourabstractfeelingsandthoughts,especiallyinpoetry,andmetaphorisacognitivetoolthatstructuresthewayweconceptualizenewconceptsorthings.3.1FeaturesofConceptualMetaphorAccordingtotheConceptualMetaphorTheory,conceptualmetaphorhasthefeaturesofprominence,systematizationandculturalcoherence.3.1.1ProminenceConceptualmetaphorisamappingfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain,whichisunidirectionalandpartial.InthesystemofmetaphoricalconceptTIMEISMONEY,notalltheimageschemasaboutmoneyareprojectedintoconceptoftime.Forexample,wecanearnmoneybackifweloseit.Butifwemisstime,wecannevermakeitback.Hereisanotherexample,ARGUMENTISWAR.Inawar,theremustbesomeinjuriesevendeaths,whilethatwillneverhappeninanargument.Thatistosay,thesimilaraspectsbetweenthesourcedomainandthetargetdomainarealwayshighlighted,whileotheraspectsarehided,andwhatishighlightedandwhathideddependsonthecontext.Hereisanotherexample,THEMINDISAMACHINE.Therearesuchexpressionsindailylifetoshowthismetaphoricalconcept,“Hismindisoperatedverywell”,“Iamalittlerustytoday”andsonon.Inourimageschema,machinescanbeoperated,rustyandslow.Thatisinaccordancewithourimageschemaaboutminds.Hereweusethemachineasthesourcedomaintodescribethetargetdomain,themind.Thesimilaritiesbetweenthemarehighlighted,andsomeotherfeaturesofmachinearehided,for12
ChapterThreeTheoreticalFoundationinstance,itisinanimateandunemotional.Inadditiontothesubject,contextisalsoafactorthatlimitsmetaphoricalmapping.Inthemetaphoricalsystemof“THEMINDISAMACHINE”,whenwewanttoexpresssomeoneissmartenoughtoansweravarietyofquestions,wewillsaythathismindworksverywell.Here,theconceptthatmachinescanquicklyoperatedishighlighted,andotherconceptssuchasmachinesarecomplexentitiesarehided.Therefore,althoughmetaphoricalmappingismappedfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomainunidirectionally,isitnotblindandarbitrary,onthecontrary,itisconfinedandpartial.3.1.2SystematizationLakoffandJohnsonpointedthatmetaphoricalconceptsaresystematicForexample,weoftensay“TIMEISMONEY”.WethinkthatMONEYisavaluablecommodityandalimitedresource.Inourculture,TIMEisalsoacommodityandalimitedresourcewecanusetoachieveourgoals.Sotimecanbequantifiedinthisway.TherearesuchexpressionsinEnglishlike“monthlypayment”,“yearlyincome”,borrowedloan”andsoon.WhileinChinese,wecanalsofindsimilarexpressionssuchas“话费”(callcharges)and“住宿费”(accommodationfee).WeregardTIMEasMONEYwhichcanbespent,wastedandinvested.Sowecanhavethreemetaphoricalconceptsabouttime,TIMEISMONEY,TIMEISAVALUABLECOMMODITY,andTIMEISALIMITEDRESOURCE.Thesethreeconceptsformoneconceptualsystembasedonsubcategorization.Therelationshipsamongthemareentailmentrelationships.Thatistosay,TIMEISMONEYentailsTIMEISAVALUABLECOMMODITY.TIMEISAVALUABLECOMMODITYentailsTIMEISALIMITEDRESOURCE.That’sbecauseMONEYisavaluablecommodity,andavaluablecommodityisalimitedresource.3.1.3CultureCoherenceMetaphorisacognitiveprocessandawayofhumanthinking,andhumanthinkingisculturalandnational.Human’scognitiveactivitiesandexperienceareformedinacertaincultureandsociety.Therefore,metaphoricalconceptsbasedonthatareculturalandnational.Becauseofsomeculturalandsocialelements,theymanifestnationalattributessuchas13
西南大学硕士学位论文nationalvirtueandvalue.Sowecanseethatconceptualmetaphorshavebothgeneralityanddistinctiveness.Theyreflecttheuniquenessofthinkingpatternofparticularcultureandnation.Fromacognitiveperspective,conceptualmetaphorisnotonlyarhetoricaldevice,butalsoawayofcognitionandthinking.Theessenceofconceptualmetaphoristounderstandotherthingsortoembodyotherexperiencesthroughathingoranexperience.Metaphoricalconceptsarethemetaphoricalwayofhumanthinkingandreflectionsofthenatureofthings,andtheyarethebasisofourdailythinkingandaction,andalsothecognitivewayswerelyon.3.2ClassificationofConceptualMetaphorInMetaphorsWeLiveBy,LakoffandJohnsondivideconceptualmetaphorintothreecategories:structuralmetaphor,orientationalmetaphorandontologicalmetaphor.Ontologicalmetaphorincludesentityandsubstancemetaphor,containermetaphorandpersonification.3.2.1StructuralMetaphorAccordingtoLakoffandJohnson,structuralmetaphorsare“caseswhereonconceptismetaphoricallystructuredintermsofanother”(Lakoff&Johnson,2003).Ingeneral,structuralmetaphorreferstouseoneconcepttoconstructanotherconcept,andthestructureoftheformerdomainisappliedtothelatterdomaintounderstandthelatterconcept.Thismetaphorexistsinmanycircumstances.Forexample,ARGUMENTISWAR.(1)Hisclaimswereindefensible.(2)Hercriticismsarerightontarget.(3)Heattackedeveryweakpointinherargument.(4)Shedemolishedhisargument.(5)Hehasneverwonanargumentwithher.HerethesourcedomainWARisstructuredintermsofthetargetdomainARGUMENT.Althoughthereisnophysicalbatter,thereisaverbalbatter.Attacking,14
ChapterThreeTheoreticalFoundationdefensing,encounteringismappedontoargumentbyclaimingtheviewpoint,wininganargumentandattackingthepropositionandsoon.3.2.2OrientationalMetaphorOrientationalmetaphorisalsoknownasspatialmetaphor.Itreferstoaseriesofconceptualmetaphorsbasedonhumanphysicalandculturalexperienceinourenvironment.Peopleusespecificconceptssuchasup-down,in-out,on-off,front-back,central-edge,deep-shallowmappedontosomeabstractconceptslikephysicalcondition,numbers,emotion,socialstatusandsoontoexpresstheirmeaning.Metaphoricalorientationisnotarbitrary,butbasedonourphysicalandculturalexperience.Forexample,CONSICOUSISUPandUNCONSCIOUSISDOWN.(1)Wakeup.(2)Herisesearlyeverymorning.(3)Shesinksintoacoma.(4)Hefellasleep.(5)I’mfeelingup.(6)Thinkingaboutheralwaysgivesmealift.Intheabovesentences,theemotionscanbeunderstoodintermsofhuman’sspatialorientationsupanddownthroughtheorientatiaonlmetaphors.Thephysicalbasisoftheaboveishuman,andmostothermammalsstandupwhentheyarewakeandliedownwhensleep.Itisourphysicalandculturalexperiencethatgivesorientationalmetaphorsthebases.Althoughthepolaroppositionsarephysicalinnature,theorientationalmetaphorsbasedonthemcanvaryfromculturetoculture.Forexample,thefutureisinfrontofusinsomecultures,butinothersitisinback.(Lakoff&Johnson,2003).3.2.3OntologicalMetaphorAccordingtoLakoffandJohnson’sclassification,ontologicalmetaphorcanbedividedintothreetypes:entityandsubstancemetaphor,containermetaphorandpersonification.A.EntityandSubstanceMetaphor15
西南大学硕士学位论文Byontologicalmetaphor,wecanunderstandourexperiencesintermsofobjectsandsubstances.Ourexperienceofthephysicalobjectsprovidesthebasisfortheextremelyrichontologicalmetaphor.Forexample,wedon’tkwonwhatthemindis,butwethinkthatitisabrittleobject.Sowecantrytolearnmoreaboutit.Herearesomeexamples.(1)Sheisgoingtopieces.(2)Hebrokeundercross-examination.LakoffandJohnsonclaimedintheirbookthatifpeoplecanidentifytheirexperiencesasentitiesorsubstances,thentheyareabletoreferto,classify,convergeandquantifythem,and,inthisway,deducethem.(Lakoff&Johnson)Ontologicalmetaphorsareapplicabletovariouspurposes,andthatcanbeillustratedinthefollowingexamples.(3)Herfearofwormsdrivesherhusbandcrazy.(4)Itusuallytakesmuchpatiencetowriteanovel.(5)Theuglysideofherpersonalitycomesoutunderpressure.(6)Shedoesitoutofanger.B.ContainerMetaphorRooms,houses,humans,rocksandlandareasareallboundedobjectswithsize,sotheyarecontainers.Forinstance,Alaskaisacontainerwithaboundedarea,soitcanbesaid,“ThereisalotoflandinAlaska.”Weconceptualizeourvisionasacontainer,sowecansaythat“Theshipiscomingintoview”.Whatwecanseeisinsidetheview,whilewhatwecannotseeisoutsidetheview.LakoffandJohnsonpointedthat“eventsandactionsareconceptualizedmetaphoricallyasobjects,activitiesassubstances,statesascontainers”(Lakoff&Johnson,2003:30).Heretakestatesasanexample:16
ChapterThreeTheoreticalFoundation(7)Sheiscomingoutoftheshock.(8)Hefellintoadepression.C.PersonificationAccordingtoLakoffandJohnson,probably,personificationisthemostobviousoneofontologicalmetaphors.Nonhumanentitiesaregivenhumanqualitiesinpersonification,asshownbelow:(9)Herreligiontellsherselfthatshecan’teatpork.(10)Uremiafinallycaughtupwithher.(11)Inflationiseatinguptheirprofits.Religion,uremiaandinflationarenothumanbeings,buttheyaregivenhumanqualities,suchastelling,catchingupandeating.Personifyingnonhumansashumansmakesusbecapableofcomprehendingthembetter.3.3WorkingMechanismofConceptualMetaphorAccordingtoLakoffandJohnson,metaphorisdefinedasunderstandingoneconceptualdomainintermsofanother.Inordertoachieveabetterunderstandingofconceptualmetaphor,weshouldknowabouttwodomains:thesourcedomainandthetargetdomain.Metaphorgeneratesfromthesimilaritybetweenthesourcedomainandtargetdomain.Throughthesimilarityoftwothings,metaphorprovidesuswiththerelevanceoftheknownthingandtheunknownthingandthenexpressthenewonebyusingtheknownone.Thecorrespondencebetweenthesourcedomainandthetargetdomainisconcept,and“ametaphorisalsoacross-domainmappingfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomainintheconceptualsystem”(Lakoff,1993).Underthisworkingmechanism,thesourcedomainissomethingwedrawmetaphoricalexpressionsandthetargetdomainissomethingwedonotunderstand.Soweoftenregardtimeasmoney,lifeasjourneys,argumentsaswars,theoriesasbuildings,andsoon.Actually,conceptualmetaphorisacross-domainmappingbetween17
西南大学硕士学位论文thesourcedomainandthetargetdomainwhichisbasedonhumanexperience,andthemappingfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomainisnotarbitrary.Theyarerootedinourbodyandinthedailyexperienceandknowledge(Geeraerts,2006).Let’sexplainitindetailwiththisexample:LOVEISAJORNEY.Firstofall,inthisconceptualmetaphor,theimageschemaofthesourcedomain(JOURNEY)ismappedontothetargetdomain(LOVE).Journeyisaconcreteactionweknowandloveisanabstractconceptwhichisunfamiliartous.Throughthatconceptualmetaphor,weknowthatloversareliketravelers,andthesamevehiclemeanstherelationshipbetweenthelovers.Secondly,therelationofthesourcedomainismappedontothetargetone.Beforewestarttraveling,undernormalcircumstancesweallhaveourdestinations.Thesamedestination(sourcedomain)ismappedontolover’scommongoal(targetdomain).Therelationshipbetweenjourneyanddestinationismappedontothetargetdomain.Third,thefeaturesofthesourcedomainaremappedontothetargetone.InthemetaphorLOVEISJOURNEY,weknowthereareimpedimentsineveryjourney(sourcedomain)andfromthemappingwecanconcludethattherearedifficultiesintheprocessoflove(targetdomain).Ingeneral,thesourcedomainismoreconcrete,morephysicalandeasiertounderstand.Onthecontrary,thetargetdomainismoreabstract,lackofphysicalcharacteristicsandmoredifficulttounderstand.Mappingsprovidealinkbetweenbodilyexperienceandhighercognitivedomains.Conceptualmetaphormappingisusuallyconstructedonphysiology,psychology,physicalpropertiesandemotion,andfollowstheInvariancePrinciplewhichisproposedbyLakoffandTurner.AccordingtoLakoffandTurner,“Metaphoricalmappingspreservethecognitivetopology(thatis,theimage-schemastructure)ofthesourcedomain,inawayconsistentwiththeinherentstructureofthetargetdomain”(Lakoff&Turner,1989).What’smore,whenthespeakerisintendedtoemphasizedifferentaspectsofonething,differentconceptualmetaphorstendtobeinvoked.Theselectionofsuchmetaphorsareinvokedbytheintentionandpreferencesorsubconscioushabitofthespeakerwhousesthem.Thatistosay,wecanemploydifferentsourcedomainsto18
ChapterThreeTheoreticalFoundationdescribethesametargetdomainoremploythesamesourcedomaintodescribedifferenttargetdomains.Forexample,wecanuseWRITINGorGAMBLINGtodescribeLOVEasin“Imarrymyboyfriendtostartanewchapteroftherelationshipbetweenus”or“itisarisktomarryhim.”OrwecanuseBUILDINGtodescribeTHEORIESandRELATIONSHIPSasin“thefoundationofhistheoryissolid”and“weenjoyasolidrelationship”.Anotherimportantpointaboutconceptualmetaphoristhatconceptualmetaphormappingisunidirectional.Thatistosay,themetaphoricalmappingisstructuredfromonesourcedomaintoonetargetdomain,butnotviceversa(Evans&Green,2006).Forexample,whenweconceptualizethesocialorganizationintermsoftheplant,wecan’tstructuretheplantintermsoftheorganization:thegrowthoftheplantisnotconventionallydescribedasthedevelopmentoftheorganization,ortherootoftheplantintermsoftheoriginoftheorganization.Sowecanknowthatthemappingbetweenthesourcedomainandtargetdomainisunidirectional.3.4SummaryInaword,GeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnsonsputforwardtheConceptualMetaphorTheoryintheirmasterpiece,MetaphorsWeLiveBy,whichviewsmetaphorasawayofthinkingandcognition,butnotonlyakindofrhetoricaldeviceoflanguage.AccordingtotheConceptualMetaphorTheory,conceptualmetaphorhasthefeaturesofprominence,systematizationandculturalcoherence,anditisdividedintothreecategories:structuralmetaphor,orientationalmetaphorandontologicalmetaphor.Ontologicalmetaphorincludesentityandsubstancemetaphor,containermetaphorandpersonification.19
ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsMetaphorisregardedasarhetoricaldevicetraditionally,butincognitivelinguistics,metaphorisnotonlyamatteroflanguage,butalsoacognitivephenomenon.Fromtheviewpointofcognition,theprocessofhumanthoughtismetaphoricallargely.Peopletendtocomprehendabstractthingsbymeansofmetaphoricalthought.Accordingtotheclosedcorpusbuiltinthisstudy,therearemanymetaphorsof“Leng”.Inthischapter,themetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsbasedonthecorpusareanalyzed.Theprocessofmappingbetweenthesourcedomainandthetargetdomainisexploredbasedonexperience.4.1ConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsAccordingtoourstatistics,formetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoems,thesourcedomainismappedontothefollowingfivetargetdomains:vison,emotion,attitude,socialandeconomicstatus,andstateofthings.4.1.1MappingontoVisionDomainInTangpoems,whenmetaphorsof“Leng”aremappedontovisiondomain,theyarelargelyfocusedonfourmappings:DARKCOLORSARECOLD,MOONLIGHTISCOLD,FOGISCOLDandSOMEPLANTSARECOLD.A.DARKCOLORSARECOLDThereare6examplesforthemappingDARKCOLORISCOLD.Colorisansignificantcategorytoframethemetaphorschemaof“Leng”.ColorsinmodernChinesearedividedintowarmandcoldcolors.Theso-called“warmcolor”and“coldcolor”arenotindependentoftheobjectivecognitioncategoryofhumanbeings,buttheresultofhumanexperiencetotally,whichisbasedonthedifferentfeelingsproducedbydifferentcolors.Warmcolorsincludesomebrightcolorsandsomecolorswhichareclosetofire,suchasyellow,redandorange,whilecoldcolorsincludepurple,blue,grayandsoon.Inourexperience,warmcolorsmakeusfeel20
ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricshot,whilecoldcolorsmakeusfeelcold.Herewegetsomeexamplesforvisiondomain.(1)银烛秋光冷画屏,轻罗小扇扑流萤。天街夜色凉如水,卧看牵牛织女星。——杜牧《秋夕》yínzhúqiūguānglěnghuàpíng,qīngluóxiǎoshànpūliúyíng.tiānjiēyèsèliángrúshuǐ,wòkànqiānniúzhīnǔxīng.silvercandleautumncoldpaintingscreenlightnetsmallflutterskystreetnightcolorcoldaswaterliewatchpullcowweavewomanstarThepaintedscreenischilledinsilvercandlelight.Sheusessilkenfantocatchpassingfireflies.Thestepsseemsteepedinwaterwhencoldgrowsthenight.Shelieswatchingheat-brokenstarsshedtearsintheskies.ThispoemdepictsthatalonelymaidlooksupattheskyontheChineseValentine’sDay,feelingboredanddepressed.Thecandlelightfallingonthepaintedscreenisweakanddark,andthatmakesherfellcolderandmoregrief.(2)泉听咽危石,日色冷青松。——王维《过香积寺》quántīngyèwēishí,rìsèlěngqīngsong.springlistencrydangerousstonesuncolorcoldblackpineSpringflowsthroughthemountainstoneswithamurmuringsound,andsunlightwhichshinesonthepinetressiskeptoutbythelushleaves.Thedarknessinthewoodsmakesmefeelcold.“Leng”isusedheretodescribethedarklightinthewoodstoexpressthesilenceandseclusioncircumstances.21
西南大学硕士学位论文B.MOONLIGHTISCOLDThereare14examplesforthemappingMOONLIGHTISCOLD.Sometimeswefindthatthemoonlightgivesthesenseofcoldastheeffectofcolor.Themooninthevastnightskyisfarawayfromhumanbeingsandoutofreach,andthelongdistancegivesusthesenseofcoldnessthatissimilartothefeelingsofsufferinglonelinessandfrustration.What’smore,thetemperatureinnightislowerthanindaytime,andmoonisatypicalviewinnight.Therefore,peopleliketouse“cold”todescribemoon.(3)半死梧桐老病身,重泉一念一伤神。手携稚子夜归院,月冷空房不见人。——白居易《为薛台悼亡》bànsǐwútónglǎobìngshēn,zhòngquányíniànyìshāngshén.halfdiesycamoretungoldsickbodyheavyspringonethinkoneinjurymindhandtakeyoungsonnightreturnyardmooncoldemptyroomnowatchpersonOutsideisthewitheredsycamoretree,insidelyingthebodysufferinglong-timesick.EverytimeIthinkofdeath,myheatfeelssadtodeath.AtnightIcomebackhomewiththekid,seeingemptyhousewithnooneincoldmoonlight.Byusing“冷月”,thispoemreferstothatmoonlightiscold,andcoldmoonlightexpressesthesadandlonelyfeelings.(4)天秋木叶下,月冷莎鸡悲。坐愁群芳歇,白露凋华滋。——李白《秋思》tiānqiūmùyèxià,yuèlěngshājībēi.zuòchóuqúnfangxiē,báilùdiāohuázī.skyautumnwoodleafdownmooncoldkatydidsadsitworrygroupfragrantrestwhitedewwithermagnificentgrowAutumnhascome,andthefallingleavescreateadesolatescene.Undertheclod22
ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsandpalemoonlight,thereisalonelywomanwhofeelsboundlesssorrowforthewitheringofallflowers.Theflourishingbranchesandleavesarealsowitherednow,andtheatmosphereofautumnissothicktoletpeoplefeelinfinitelyloneliness.Thepoetuses“Leng”todescribethemoon.Actually,hewantstoexpressthesadnessandcoldnessinthewoman’sheartcausedbymissingandregrettingthelastyearsthatpastawaysoquickly.C.FOGISCOLDWhenthewatervaporisenoughinthesky,thereisbreeze,theatmosphereisstable,andtherelativehumidityreaches100%,thewatervaporintheairwillbecondensedintotinydropletssuspendingintheair,whichwilldecreasethevisibilityonthegroundlevel.Thisweatherphenomenoniscalledfog.Generallyspecking,theformingconditionoffogiscoolingandhumidification.Inotherwords,fogisformedfromwater,andtheweatherisusuallylowwhenitappears,sowhenpeopleseefog,eveninpictures,theyprobablyfeelcold.Inourdata,thereisjustoneexampleofthismapping,FOGISCOLD.(5)雾冷侵红粉,春阴扑翠钿。自悲临晓镜,谁与惜流年?——杜牧《代吴兴妓春初寄薛军事》wùlěngqīnhóngfěn,chūnyīnpūcuìdiàn.fogcoldinvasionredpowderspringshadefluttergreenhair-pinselfsadfacedaybreakmirrorwhowithpityflowyearThecoldfogfallsontomymake-uppedface,andthecloudyspringisreflectedonmygreenhairpin.Isitinfrontofthedressingmirrorsadlyinthemorning,wanderingwhowilltakepityonthelostyearsasme.Thepoetdescribesthefogasbeingcoldtoexpressthecoldfeelingoftheheroinecausedbysadness.23
西南大学硕士学位论文D.SOMEPLANTSARECOLDBecauseofthelowtemperatureinwinter,manyplantscannotbearitandgetwither.Sotresskeepinggreenandflowerskeepingblooming,suchasbamboos,pinetressandplumblossoms,aregiventhisquality:strong-minded,unyielding,inviolableandlofty.What’smore,theseplantsareconspicuousinwinter,sopeopletendtouse“Leng”toindicatequalitiesoftheseplants.Thereare17examplesshowthemappingSOMEPLANTSARECOLDinourdata.(6)冷竹风成韵,荒街叶作堆。——白居易《初冬即事皇甫十》lěngzhúfēngchéngyùn,huāngjiēyèzuòduī.coldbamboowindbecomerhymedesolatestreetleafriseheapThewindblowsthebambooforesttoformarhythm,andonthedesolatestreetarestacksoffallenleaves.“Leng”isusedheretodescribethebamboos,andthatisaccordwiththeexperiencethatwhenpeopleseetreesgrowinginwinter,theyfeelcold.“Leng”expressesthecoldnessanddesolationinthepoet’sheart.4.1.2MappingontoEmotionDomainOnthebasisoftheinteractionwiththenaturalenvironment,people’semotionsarealwayscombinedwiththetemperature.Highandlowtemperaturecanbothaffectpeople’semotions.Throughpeople’sexperience,whenthetemperatureisdecreasing,people’smoodisdepressed.Atthesametime,whenpeople’smoodfallsdown,thebody’stemperaturewilldecrease.Inourdata,“Leng”isoftenusedtorefertothefeelingsofsadness,lonelinessanddisappointment.Thereare56examplesintotal.A.SADESSISCOLDBothpeopleandanimalsarenotlikelytomoveincoldweather.Forexample,24
ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricssnakesneedhibernationinwinter,andpeoplearealsonotactiveinwinter.Thisisverysimilartothesadexperienceofpeople.Inaddition,extremecoldnesscancausepeopletosufferorevendie,whichissimilartothefeelingcausedbysadness.SowecanseethatSADNESSISCOLD.(7)杉冷晓猿悲,楚客心欲绝。——岑参《下外江舟怀终南旧居》shānlěngxiǎoyuánbēi,chǔkèxīnyùjué.fircolddaybreakapesadclearguestheartwishmostSeeingthecold-greenfirtreesandhearingthemiserablecryofapes,Ifeeldrearysadnessinmyheart.Thispoemdescribesthetreesascoldtoinferthecoldnessinhisownhearttoexpressthathefellsosad.B.LONELINESSISCOLD“Leng”ownsanothermetaphortoloneliness.Whenmanypeoplegettogether,itishot,butwhenthegatheredpeopleleave,thetemperatureoftheplacewheretheygatheredwillbereduced.Inthatsense,whenpeoplestaywiththeircompanions,theyfeelhotterthanwhenthearealone.Sosometimespeopleuse“cold”toexpresstheirloneliness.Hereisthemapping:LONELINESSISCOLD.(8)寒月沉沉洞房静,真珠帘外梧桐影。秋霜欲下手先知,灯底裁缝剪刀冷。——白居易《寒闺怨》hányuèchénchéndòngfangjìng,zhēnzhūliánwàiwútóngyǐng.qiūshuāngyùxiàshǒuxiānzhī,dēngdǐcáiféngjiǎndāolěng.coldmoonsinksinkholeroomquiettruebeadcurtainoutsidesycamoretungshadeautumnfrostwishdownhandbeforeknowlightbottomcutstitchcutknife25
西南大学硕士学位论文coldThecoldmoonlightshadowfallsintothequietroom,andtheshadowofsycamoretreeismappedontothepearlcurtain.ThehandshavealreadyfeltcoldbeforethefallingofAutumnfrost,andinthedarklight,shesewedclotheswithacoldscissorforherhusbandwhoisfarwayfromher.Thispoemdepictsawomanwhoisaloneinheremptyhouseandmissherhusbandwhoisfarinawar.Shefellssolonely,andthecoldweatherismappedintoherheart.C.DISAPPOINTMENTISCOLDPeoplealwaysyearnforabetterlife,orwanttobecomebetterselves.Thereisalinkbetweenthetemperatureofthehumanbodiesanddesires.Whenpeoplearefullofexpectations,theyfeelenergeticandexcitedwhentheyimaginewhattheyexpect.Desirescanbringheattohumanbodies,forinstance,theexpression“热血沸腾”(One’sbloodboils).Whentemperaturerises,peoplebecomeoptimisticandlookforwardtotheworld.Similarly,thedropoftemperaturewillalsomakepeoplecalmdown,andevensometimesbringspeoplethenegativefeeling,andthisfeelingissimilartothefeelingcausedbylossofdesire.Hereisthemetaphormapping:DISAPPOINTMENTISCOLD.(9)秋山眼冷魂未归,仙赏心违泪交堕。——杜甫《忆昔行》qiūshānlěngyǎnhúnwèiguī,xiānshǎngxīnwéilèijiāoduò.autumnmountaineyecoldsoulnotreturnimmortalrewardheartdisobeytearmutualfallEvenifIhavelefttheLushanMountain,myheartisstillthere,andIamalwaysweepingforthelong-cherisheddream.DuFuiseagertolearnBuddhaintheLushanMountain,butheisalwaysrejectedbythetemple,soheisverydisappointedandneveroverit.26
ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyrics4.1.3MappingontoAttitudeDomainIndailylife,wehavesuchexpression“热情似火”(Enthusiasmislikefire).Basedonexperience,wehavesuchmapping:HOSPITALITYISHOT.Incontrastwiththehospitalityattitude,peopleusuallyshowanegativeattitudetowardswhattheydonotlike.“Leng”generallyrepresentsuninterestedorindifferentattitude.Peopletendtobeindifferenttothingsthatdonothavemuchtodowiththem,becausetheyarenotinterestedinpayingattentiontothosethings.Inourdata,wehave11examplesofmapping:INDIFFERENCEISCOLD.Hereisoneofthem.(10)世人见我恒殊调,闻余大言皆冷笑。——李白《上李邕(此首萧士赟云是伪作)》shìrénjiànwǒhéngshūdiào,wényúdàyánjiēlěngxiào.worldpersonseeIpermanentspecialtunesmellremainbigwordallcoldlaughPeopleallsneeratmebecauseofmyuniqueandproudwords.Theword“Leng”hereindicatesthatLiBaidoesn’tcareaboutothers’sneer.4.1.4MappingontoSocialandEconomicStatusDomainInchina,“Leng”usuallyreferstopoorandhumble,indicatingthepeoplewhoinlowsocialandeconomicstatus.Becauseofpoverty,theyarelackofdailynecessities,food,clothesandresidence.Thissituationmakesthemsufferfromcoldnessandhungry,andevendisease.What’smore,somepeopleturnacoldshoulderonpoorandhumblepeople,andthiskindofsocialdiscriminationmaymakethemfeelcold.SometaphoricalmappinghereisBDINGPOORANDHUMBLEISBEINGCOLD.Thereare15examplesofitinourdata.(11)诸公衮衮登台省,广文先生官独冷。甲第纷纷厌梁肉,广文先生官不足。——27
西南大学硕士学位论文杜甫《醉时歌(赠广文馆博士郑虔)》zhūgōnggǔngǔndēngtáishěng,guǎngwénxiānshengguāndúlěng.jiǎdìfēnfēnyànliángròu,guǎngwénxiānshengguānbùzú.allpublicceremonialdressforroyaltyceremonialdressforroyaltyascentplatformprovincewidewritingbeforelivingofficersinglecoldfirsttheresidenceofahighofficialnumerousnumeroustiredbeammeatwidewritingbeforelivingofficernoenoughOfficerscontinuouslyclimbuptoseniorpositions,whileonlyMr.Guangwenstaysinanofficialpositionwithnopowerandinfluence.Peoplewhohaveplutocraticfamilyaretiredofwineandmeat,whileMr.Guangwendoesnothaveenoughfoodtoeat.“Leng”hereistousedtoinferthelowpositionofMr.Guangwen.Bythis,thepoetexpresseshispity,bitternessandresentmentforMr.Guangwen.4.1.5MappingontoStateofThingsDomainInourdata,“Leng”isoftenreferredtodesolationandwitheredstate.Indailylife,theconceptualmetaphoroftemperatureisusuallyassociatedwiththeactivityofpeopleorthings.Whenasituationinvolvesalargenumberofpeopleorthings,expressionsabout“热”,suchas“热闹”(bustling)and“热火朝天”(beinfullswing),willbeusedtodescribeitsactivestate.Onthecontrary,“Leng”usuallyreferstosituationofafewpeopleorthingsinastateofcalm,suchas“冷冷清清”(desolateandquiet).A.DESOLATIONISCOLD.Winterisaseasonoflifeless.Thisisthedormantofperiodofnature,fewcreaturesgooutinwinter.Silenceanddepressionarethemainmelodiesofwinter.Insuchsituation,people’semotionisdownandtendtofeelsadandlonely.Inaddition,thewinterskyisusuallygrayanddim.Aswementionedbefore,grayanddimarecoldcolorswhichmakepeoplefeelcold.Thoseelementscombinethefeelingofpeopletodesolation,andthismakesametaphorof“Leng”todesolation.28
ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsSoherethemappingisDESOLATIONISCOLD,andthereare5examplesinourdata.(12)门前冷落车马稀,老大嫁作商人妇。——白居易《琵琶行》ménqiánlěngluòchēmǎxī,lǎodàjiàzuòshāngrénfù.doorbeforecoldfallhorserareoldbigmarryrisebusinesspersonwomanShewasyoungwhenbeingageisha,butnowsheisoldandherguestsarefew,soshemarriesamerchant.Inthefeudalperiod,merchantsbelongtothelowestjobsbecauseofthephysiocracypolicy.Inthispoem,“Leng”isusedtodescribethedesolatesituationinthegeisha’shousewhensheisoldandnoonecomestovisit.B.WITHEREDSTATEISCOLD.Mostoftheleavesandflowersfallinwinter,leavingonlythebarebranches.Nakedbranchesarelikepeoplewhodon’twearclothesinwinter,andconnectingtherelevantexperience,peoplethinkplantsalsocanfeelcold.Inthatsense,peoplethinkthewitheredplantsarecold.ThemetaphormappedontothewitheredplantsisWITHEREDSTATEISCOLD,andthereare2examplesofitinourdata.(13)袅袅啼虚壁,萧萧挂冷枝。——杜甫《猿》niǎoniǎotíxūbì,xiāoxiāoguàlěngzhī.slenderslendercawemptywalldesolatedesolatehangcoldbrunchTheapessometimescrysorrowfullyontheemptyrock,sometimeshangingonthecoldlonelytrees.Thepoetuses“Leng”todescribethewitheredbranchestoexpressthecoldand29
西南大学硕士学位论文desolatescene.4.1.6SummaryBasedontheaboveanalysis,becauseofdifferentexperiences,“Leng”ismappedontomultipletargetdomains.Thetable4.1presentsthosetargetdomainsindetail.Table4.1TargetDomainsof“Leng”andPercentageinTangPoemsTargetDomainNumberPercentageVisionDarkColors64.7%Moonlight1411.0%Fog10.8%SomePlants1713.4%EmotionSadness5644.1%LonelinessDisappointmentAttitudeIndifference118.7%SocialandEconomicBingPoorand1511.8%StatusHumbleStateofThingsDesolation53.9%WitheredState21.6%Total127FromtheTable4.1,wecanseethatthereare127conceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”inourdata.Mostofthem,about44.1%,aremappedintoemotiondomainwhichinvolvessadness,lonelinessanddisappointment.Andabout29.9%examplesinmetaphorsof“Leng”aremappedontovisiondomainwhichconsistsofdarkcolors,moonlight,fogandsomeplants.Whiletherestofdomainsareattitude,socialandeconomicstatus,andstateofthings.Thesedomainsarerelativelylessindata.4.2ConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inSongLyricsInthissection,themetaphorsof“Leng”inSonglyricswillbeanalyzedinthecorpus.IftherearethesamemetaphoricalmappingsexactlyappearinginTangpoems,itwillbeunnecessarytogointodetails.Accordingtoourstatistics,wefindthattheconceptof“Leng”ismappedontosixdomains:vision,emotion,attitude,socialandeconomicstate,stateofthingsand30
ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsrelationship.Inthissection,wewillmakeadetailedanalysisofthecorpus.4.2.1MappingontoVisionDomainInSonglyrics,whenmappedontovisondomain,metaphorsof“Leng”arefocusedonthreemappings:DARKCOLORSARECOLD,MOONLIGHTISCOLDandSOMEPLANTSARECOLD.A.DARKCOLORSARECOLD.Thereare18examplesofthemetaphormappingDARKCOLORSARECOLD.Asmentionedbefore,colorisanimportantcategorytostructurethetemperaturemetaphorschema.Coldcolorscontainingblue,grayandblackoftenmakepeoplehavefeelingsaboutcoldness.(14)但伤心,冷落黄昏,数声画角。——辛弃疾《瑞鹤仙赋梅》dànshāngxīn,lěngluòhuánghūn,shùshēnghuàjiǎo.butinjuryheartcoldfallyellowfaintnumbersoundpaintinghornTheplumblossomisleftaloneinthedusk,lonelyandcold.Whenduskcomes,thelightbecomesdark,anditletpeoplefeelcoldanddesolate.Thepoetuses“Leng”toexpressthefeelingcausedbydarklightinthedusk.B.MOONLIGHTISCOLD.Affectedbythecoloranddistance,moonlightalsogivespeoplethesenseofcoldness.Sometimespeopleliketouse“Leng”todescribemoonlighttohinttheirownfeelings.SothemappingMOONLIGHTISCOLDiscreated.Thereare18exampleofitinourdata.(15)松深烟锁迳,月冷水明楼。——刘过《和大参相公》sōngshēnyānsuǒjìng,yuèlěngshuǐmínglóu.31
西南大学硕士学位论文pinedeepsmokelockpathmooncoldwaterbrightbuildingTheroutwhichisbesidethedensepinetreesisfilledwithfog,andtheShuiminglouTowerisdesolateinthemoonlight.Thepoetdescribesthetowerascoldbecauseoftheshiningofthemoonlight.Infact,itishimselfwhothemoonlightmakesfeelcoldanddesolate.C.SOMEPLANTSARECOLD.Sometreesstillgreenorsomeflowersstillbloominginwinterareusuallydescribedwith“Leng”.Thereisalsothemetaphoricalmapping,SOMEPLANTSARECOLD,inSonglyrics,andthereare15examplesinourdata.(16)雾湿罗衣。冷艳须攀最远枝。——周邦彦《丑奴儿》wùshīluóyī.lěngyànxūpānzuìyuǎnzhī.FogwetnetclothingcoldcolorfulmustclimbmostfarbrunchThedewstainsthesilkdress.Onthetopbranchbloomsthemostcharmingflower.“冷艳”herehasnothingwithcolor,butreferstoakindofbeautywhichishardtoreach.Becausethebeautyishardtoreach,thedistancemakespeoplefeelcold.Inthatsense,wehaveexpressionssuchas“高冷”(elegantindifference)inourdailylife.Sometimespeopleuse“冷艳”(indifferentandbeautiful)todescribethebeautifulflowersinwinter.Inthispoem,thepoetgivesprominencetothespecificbeautifulflowerbydescribingitwith“Leng”.4.2.2MappingontoEmotionDomainSimilartoTangpoems,inSonglyrics,“Leng”isoftenreferredtoSADNESS,DISAPPOINTMENTandLONELINESS.People’semotionisusuallycombinedwithtemperaturebasedonpeople’sexperience.Whenthetemperaturegetslower,themood32
ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsofpeoplebecomesdepressed;atthesametime,whenpeople’smoodfallsdown,thebody’stemperaturebecomeslower.Thereare61examplesinourdata.A.SADNESSISCOLD.HerecomestheexampleofSADNESSISCOLD.(17)多情自古伤离别。更那堪,冷落清秋节。——柳永《雨霖铃》duōqíngzìgǔshānglíbié.gèngnàkān,lěngluòqīngqiūjié.manyfeelingsinceancientinjuryleaveleavemorethatbearcoldfallclearautumnsectionLoverswouldfeelgrieveatpartingasoffeelingcold.Howcouldyoubearthatonthiscoldautumnday?Inthispoem,“Leng”isusedtoexpressthesadnessofpoet’scausedbymissinghislover.B.DISAPPOINTMENTISCOLD.Whenthetemperaturerises,peoplebecomeoptimisticandfullofexpectationtotheworld.Inthesameway,thedeclineoftemperaturecanalsomakepeoplecalmdown,andsometimesevenbringnegativefeelings,whichissimilartothefeelingcausedbylosingdesire.TherearesomeexamplesofthemappingDISAPPOINTMENTISCOLDinSonglyrics,andhereisoneofthem.(18)炙手炎来,掉头冷去,无限长安客。——辛弃疾《念奴娇·君诗好处》hìshǒuyánlái,diàotóulěngqù,wúxiànchángānkè.broilhandscorchingcomeshiftheadcoldgonothinglimitlongsafeguest33
西南大学硕士学位论文Comewithahotheartandleavewithacoldone.IcanjustbeatravelerforeverinChang’an.“Leng”inthispoemindicatesthatthepoetisdepressedtothisworld.C.LONELINESSISCOLD.Whenpeoplearealone,theymayfeelcolderthanwhentheystaywithcompanions.Inthatsense,peopleliketouse“Leng”toexpresstheirloneliness.HereshowsoneexampleofthismappingLONELINESSISCOLD.(19)炉烬冷,鼎香氛,酒寒谁遣为重温?——辛弃疾《鹧鸪天·一片归心拟乱云》lújìnlěng,dǐngxiāngfēn,jiǔhánshuíqiǎnwéizhòngwēn?stoveashescoldtripodfragrantatmospherewinecoldwhosendforrepeatwarmTheashesinthestovehavebeencold,andthetripodemanatesascent.WhocanIasktoheatthecoldwine?Herethepoetuses“Leng”todescribetheashesinthestove.Actually,hewantstoexpressthedeeplonelinessinhisheartbythisway.4.2.3MappingontoAttitudeDomainPeopletendtobeindifferenttothingsthathavelessconnectionwiththem,becausetheyarenotinterestedinpayingattentiontothosethings,andpeopleliketouse“Leng”todescribethiskindofattitude,suchas“冷漠”(apathy).InSonglyrics,thereare5examplesofthemetaphormappingINDIFFERENCEISCOLD.(20)遂令冷看世间人,照我湛然心不起。——苏轼《中秋见月和子由》suìlìnglěngkànshìjiānrén,zhàowǒzhànránxīnbùqǐ.thenordercoldwatchworldbetweenpersonilluminateIlimpidsoheartnorise34
ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsLetGodwatchtheworldindifferently,asmyindifferentheart,withoutanyupsanddowns.Inthissentence,thepoetuses“Leng”toexpressthecalmandindifferentattitudeinhisheart.4.2.4MappingontoSocialandEconomicStatusDomainInChina,“Leng”sometimesreferstopoorandhumble,indicatingthosepeoplewhoinlowsocialstatuswithoutmoney.Thereare4examplesofthismappingBEINGPOORANDHUMBLEISBEINGCOLDinSonglyrics.(21)冷官门户日萧条,亲旧音书半寂寥。——苏轼《谢张太原送蒲桃》lěngguānménhùrìxiāotiáo,qīnjiùyīnshūbànjìliáo.coldofficerdoorhouseholddaydesolatestriprelativeusedsoundbookhalflonelyfewMyofficialpositionwasdemoted,sofewfriendsandrelativesstillcome,evenwithoutanymessages.Thepoetuses“Leng”todescribehislowsocialstatueswhichcausesthedesolatesituation.4.2.5MappingontoStateofThingsDomainSimilartothefeelingsbroughtbycoldness,desolatescenesusuallymakepeoplefeelsadanddown.“Leng”isusuallymetaphoricallyreferredtodesolation.Thereare11examplesofthemappingDESOLATIONISCOLDinSonglyrics.(22)渐霜风凄紧,关河冷落,残照当楼。——柳永《八声甘州》jiànshuāngfēngqījǐn,guānhélěngluò,cánzhàodānglóu.35
西南大学硕士学位论文graduallyfrostwinddesolatetightcloserivercoldfallremnantilluminateproperbuildingAutumnisgettinglate,thewindissochillthatfewpeoplepassbytheriver,andthelightofduskshinesonthetower.Inthissentence,thepoetuses“Leng”todescribeadesolatescene.4.2.6MappingontoRelationshipDomainWhentwopeoplegetstartingarelationshipanddeepinlove,wecandescribetheirrelationshipas“热恋”(bepassionatelyinlove).Contrarytointimaterelationships,peopletendtohaveacoldorunfavorableatmosphereindistantrelationship.ThemappingontorelationshipdomaindescribestherelationshipbetweenloversinSonglyrics.ThereisjustoneexampleofDISTANTRELATIONSHIPISCOLDinourdata.(23)密凭归雁寄芳音。恐冷落、旧时心。——柳永《燕归梁·织锦裁编写意深》jiànshuāngfēngqījǐn,guānhélěngluò,cánzhàodānglóu.densebyreturnwildgoosesendfragrantsoundfearcoldfallusedtimeheartSendlettersbywildgoosesfrequently,Iamsoafraidoflettingmylovefeelbetreatedcoldly.Thepoetwantstoconnecthislovermorefrequentlyinordertoavoidthattheaffectionbetweenthemwillcooldown.4.2.7SummaryBythediscussioninthissection,itisfoundthatduetodifferentexperience,“Leng”ismappedontomultipletargetdomains.ThedetailedinformationispresentedinTable4.2.36
ChapterFourConceptualMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsTable4.2TargetDomainsof“Leng”andPercentageinSonglyricsTargetDomainNumberPercentageVisionDarkColors1813.5%Moonlight1813.5%SomePlants1511.3%EmotionSadness6145.9%DisappointmentLonelinessAttitudeIndifference53.8%SocialandEconomicBeingPoorand43.0%StatusHumbleStateofThingsDesolation118.3%RelationshipDistantRelationship10.8%Total133FromtheTable4.2,wecanseethatthereare133conceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”inourdata.Mostofthem,about45.9%,aremappedontoemotiondomainwhichinvolvessadness,lonelinessanddisappointment.Andabout38.3%examplesinmetaphorsof“Leng”aremappedontovisiondomainwhichconsistsofdarkcolors,moonlightandsomeplants.Whiletherestofdomainsareattitude,socialandeconomicstatus,stateofthingsandrelationship,andtheyarerelativelylessinourdata.37
ChapterFiveContrastbetweenMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsInthepreviouschapter,themetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsarepresented.Inthischapter,thefeaturesofconceptsdenotedby“Leng”andtheirdistributioninTangpoemsandSonglyricswillbepresented.Bycontrastingthem,thereasonsforsimilaritiesanddifferenceswillbeanalyzedfromtheperspectiveoftheConceptualMetaphorTheory.5.1ContrastbetweenMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSonglyricsAccordingtotheanalysisinChapter4,itisfoundthattherearemultipletargetdomainsmappedfromthesourcedomain,theconceptof“Leng”.Therearefivetargetdomainsoftheconceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”exitinginTangpoems:vision,emotion,attitude,socialandeconomicstatusandstateofthings;andsixtargetdomainsinSonglyrics:vison,emotion,attitude,socialandeconomicstatues,stateofthingsandrelationship.Theconceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”arenotonlyformedonthebasisofhuman’sphysicalsensationabouttemperature,butalsoonthebasisoftemperaturephenomenainnature.Withtheinteractionofthesetwoelements,metaphoricalmeaningsof“Leng”arefoundinbothTangpoemsandSonglyrics,andaseriesofimagesof“Leng”areformedintheprocessandtheyshowdifferentperformanceinTangpoemsandSonglyrics.TheTable5.1givesadetailedcontrast.38
ChapterFiveContrastbetweenMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsTable5.1DistributionofImagesof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsConnotationsofTangPoemsSongLyrics“Leng”Num.ofPercentageNum.ofPercentageExamplesExamplesDarkColors64.7%1813.5%Moonlight1411.0%1813.5%SomePlants1713.4%1511.3%Fog10.8%00%Sadness,5644.1%6145.9%Disappointment,LonelinessIndifference118.7%53.8%BeingPoorand1511.8%43.0%HumbleDesolation53.9%118.3%WitheredState21.6%00%Distant00%10.8%RelationshipAccordingtotheTable5.1,wecangettheinformationaslistedbelow:(1)Mostofthetargetdomainsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsarethesameexceptrelationshipdomainwhichexistsinSonglyricsbutnotinTangpoems.(2)Althoughthemetaphoricalmappingsof“Leng”comefromthecombinationofourexperienceandphenomenacausedbycoldtemperatureinnature,therearedifferentemphasesbetweenTangpoemsandSonglyrics.Forinstance,themappingsFOGISCOLDinvisondomainandWITHEREDSTATEISCOLDinstateofthingsdomainexistinTangpoemsbutnotinSonglyrics.Onthecontrary,DISTANTRELATIONSHIPISCOLDinrelationshipdomainexistsinSonglyricsbutnotinTangpoems.(3)Inthecorpuswebuild,“Leng”isusedmorefrequentlyinSonglyrics(3.9%)thaninTangpoems(2.8%).39
西南大学硕士学位论文5.2AnalysisofReasonsforSimilaritiesandDifferencesBasedonthecontrastoffeaturesofconceptsdenotedby“Leng”andtheirdistributioninTangpoemsandSonglyrics,thereasonsforthesimilaritiesanddifferencesarediscussedinthefollowingparts.5.2.1ReasonsforSimilaritiesThereasonsforsimilaritiesbetweenthemetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsarepresentedinthefollowingparts.A.LifeExperienceandCognitionoftheAncientPeopleFirstly,thereasonsforthesimilarsenseof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsmaybecausedbycoincidenthumanexperience.AccordingtoLakoffandJonson,metaphorisbasedonhumanexperiencebutnotarbitrary.Thesourcedomainisquitefrequentlyaneventcategorywhichiscomposedofseveralotherbasicobjectandactioncategories.Thisisthebasicexperiencesanditisthegroundofmetaphor.Asitispointedoutinthestatementabove,metaphorisderivedfromhumanexperience.Inthatcase,wecanaudaciouslyconcludethatpeoplehavesomecoincidenthumanexperienceson“Leng”.ThetraditionalChinesethoughtishumanorientedwhichemphasizesonhuman,soChineseconsiderhumanasthecenteroftheuniverse.HeregoesoneoldsayingofMencius:“万物皆备于我”(《孟子·尽心上》).Itmeansthatonlythewayofcomprehendingthehumanitself,canwecomprehendtheruleofnatureandtheuniverse.Becauseofthespiritofhumanallthecriterionandvaluesareoriginatedandmeasuredfromhuman.Thefeudalsocietyboundsthecountrythroughthegeneticconnection,whichisthebasisfoundationofhuman-orientedthinkingmode.Inthatcase,mostofthecognitionofChinesearebasedonthehumanfeeling.Secondly,theuniversalcognitionofthewordalsocanbeattributedtooneofthereasonsforthesimilarities.Cognitivepatternsarebasedontheassumptionofsomestoredknowledge,whichissomebasicknowledgeinsomecertainfieldsknownbydifferentpeople.Duringtheprocessofmetaphor,differentpeoplefollowthesimilarpatternsbecauseofthesimilarcognition.Forinstance,becauseofthesameexperienceandcognitionfor“Leng”,the40
ChapterFiveContrastbetweenMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsspeakerscanusethesameexperiencetounderstandthesimilarabstractconceptswhichgeneratesimilarconceptualmetaphors.“Peoplefeelandthinkalikeonthismatter.Notonlyisthecognitivepsychologysimilarinancienttimesandmoderntimes,butalsoinChinaandforeigncountries”(ShenJiaxuan,1998:45).Peoplehavethesamesensoryorgansandthebasicallysamecognitiontotheobjectiveworld,andexperienceplaysaleadingroleintheprocessofknowingtheworldinitially.Forinstance,fromthephysiologicalviewpoint,whenpeoplearesubjectedtothecoldstimulationfromoutside,assoonaspossible,thebodywilldelivertheinformationtothebrain.Afterreceivingthecoldsignal,thebraincommandsthemetabolicsystemtospeedupitsworkimmediately.Thenthebloodcirculationsystemisorderedtoretreattothesecondlineofdefense,whichmeansretreatingfromtheskin,limbsandtrunk.Thisisthebasicprinciplethatpeoplefeelcoldwhenthetemperaturedrops.Basedonthisperception,whenpeopleareinfaceofsadthings,theyassociatethepsychologicalphenomenon,andtheirbodyexperience“cold”consciousness,andthen“cold”consciousnessextendstothementalcategory,thatis,“SADNESSISCOLD”.B.LanguageInheritanceTheauthorsofTangpoemsandSonglyricsareinthesamenationality,soonacertainextent,SonglyricsisakindoflanguageinheritanceorculturaltransmissionofTangpoems.Intheoriginalperiod,“Manisthestandardofmeasuringeverything”(ShuDingfang,2000:31),andthiskindofrealizationisconsideredtobethetypicalcharacteroftheprimitiveman.Withtheexpansionofperspective,thecognitivestyleoftheancientpeopleexpandedcontinuously,andpeoplegraduallygraspedthecognitivewayofusingspecificthingstoexpressabstractthings.Herethespecificthingsmustbethemostfamiliarthingstopeople.Inthatcase,thedescriptionoftheworldbytheancientpeoplewasmediatedbythesimilarityofconcepts.Theyusedthemostcommonlyconceptsdescribingtheirowntoexpressthefuzzyworldinmind.Withtheexpandingofpeople’scognitivedomain,thedevelopmentofwordscannotkeepupwiththespaceofthinking,sopeoplehavetousetheexistingvocabularytoexpressnewconceptsthroughsimilarassociationsandthinkingmetaphors.Atpresent,41
西南大学硕士学位论文becauseofthesimilarityoftheassociationbasis,someareveryeasytorecognize,whilesomearedifficulttodetect.5.2.2ReasonsforDifferencesTherearemanydifferencesinthehistoricalbackgrounds,personalexperienceandpoeticstylesofTangDynastyandSongDynasty.Thoseleadtothedifferencesofmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyrics.Thereasonsfordifferencesareillustratedinthefollowingparts.A.HistoricalBackgroundThegreatcontextualandenvironmentaldifferencesduringTangDynastyandSongDynastyleadstothedifferencesinthepsychologicalstateandaestheticorientationofthepoets,whichisoneimportantfactorthatcausesthedifferencesoftextualfeatures.Tangpoemsreacheditspeakinaspecialpoliticalenvironmentthatexperiencedaperiodofprosperityandsocialunrest.TangDynastygrewstrongerandstrongerafteritwasbuilt.theincreasinglypowerfulnationalstrengthprovidedaveryfavorableenvironmentforthedevelopmentofpoems.Meanwhile,theimperilexaminationsystemcametoitsmaturity,providingpoetsmoreapproachestobeofficials,andthatcultivatetheiropen-mindedmentalityandpositiveattitude.Theliteratipreferredtoexpresstheirfeelingsbyusingheatsensationword.After“AnshiTurmoil”(安史之乱)brokeout,TangDynastybegantofalldown.ThatwasconsideredtobeaturningpointofTangDynasty.Manyliteratisufferedatragicfateafter“AnshiTurmoil”,andtheywereconcernedwithstateaffairs.Inthatcase,“Leng”appearedmorefrequentlyinTangpoems.ContrarytoTangDynasty,SongDynastywasquitepoorandweak.Citizenswerepressedandexploited,sosomeofthemhadtorevolt.Inthisperiod,peasantuprisingdevelopedrapidly.Atthesametime,SongDynastyalsohadunprecedentedethnicconflictwithitsneighbors.SoinSongDynasty,inexhaustiblelyricsthatreflectedpeople’ssufferingsandpatriotismappeared,andSonglyricsbecametheexpressionofsadnessandconcern,withsentimentalitybeingtypicalinthem.Forinstance,themooncouldbeputas“incompletemoon”and“coldmoon”.The42
ChapterFiveContrastbetweenMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsaestheticfeelingismoreexquisite.Manyemotionalwordslike“lean”and“lonely”,andsomecommonimagesandobscureartisticconceptionlike“coldcrow”and“dusk”cameoutinabundancebasedonthepreferenceofthedelicatebeauty.PeopleinSongDynastytendedtousesadtonestoimplythefadingofyouth,loveandcareer,soastoexpresstheirtragicconsciousness,whichwasenhancedbytheupsanddownsinofficialdom.Comparedwithpoems,lyricshasdeeperandpurerexpressionofemotions.Allsademotionsincludingdreariness,lonelinessanddolefulnessweretheexpressionofunprecedentedanddelicaterealfeeling.Theemotionalworldtooktheselfstateofmindastheaestheticobject,makingtheimagesinlyricsmoredelicate,obscureandemotionalpenetrating.ThehistoricalbackgroundofSongDynastyprovidesasentimentalatmospheretoSonglyrics,so“Leng”isusedmorefrequentlyinSonglyricsthaninTangpoems.B.PersonalExperienceBecauseofthedifferenthistoricalbackgroundandlivingenvironment,itisverydifferentforpoetstoexpresstheirthoughtsandemotions.HerewetakethepersonalexperiencesofDuFu,LiuYong,LiQingzhaoandXinQijiasexamples.DuFu(712-770)livedintheperiodoftheTangDynastyfromprosperitytodecline.Whenhewasyoung,hegotgreatambitionandexpresseditinthispoems,forexample,“会当凌绝顶,一览众山小”(WhenIstandonthetopofthemountain,theothermountainsallturntobesmaller).Butthedecadenceofnationalfate,unluckyofficialcareerandadversefortune,whichcausedby“AnshiTurmoil”,madegiantdifferencesbetweenidealandreality,andthatchangedhispoetrystylegreatly.DuFuexpressedinhispoemsthathewaseagertodogoodtosociety.Hefeltindignantforthebullyandpityformiseryandsufferingpeople.ThecoreofhisthoughtwasthethoughtofConfucianbenevolentpolicyandhecaredforthefateofnationandpeople.Hehadagreatambitiontomakethesocialatmospheretoturntobetheoriginalstate.Helovedlife,lovedthepeople,lovedthebeautifulmountainsandriversofthemotherland.Heabhorredevil,exposedandcriticizedthedarkinsociallifeandthecorruptionoftheimperilcourt.Hispoemsmainlydepictedtheturbulenceofsociety,thedarknessofpoliticsandthesufferingsofthepeople,reflectingthesocialcontradictionsthattimeandrecordingthehistorical43
西南大学硕士学位论文changesfromprosperitytodeclineinTangDynasty.Sohispoemswereknownas“poetichistory”.LiuYong(987-1053),afamouslyricpoetinBeiSongDynasty,wasthefounderofWanYueSchool.Hisfamilywasanofficialforgenerations.Whenhewasyoung,hestudiedhardathomeandwasexpectedtoinherithisfamilypropertyandturnedtobeaminister.Afterfinishinghisstudying,hewenttoBianjingtotakeanexamtorealizehispoliticalambitions.Unexpectedly,theromanticanddissoluteyouthLiuYongwasattractedtothegeishasinthewhorehousesonghallwhenhearrivedthecapitalofthecountry.Heindulgedintheromanticfieldandwroteabouthisromanticlifeinhislyrics.Buthedidnotreallygiveuphisdesireforfameatthattime.Hestillthirstedforfameandhopedtoaccesstoanofficialcareerpath.Hewanderedeverywhereandwrotealotoflyricsaboutthelongjourney,thelonghopeandthelongloneliness.LiuYongliveinaConfucianandofficialfamilywitharomanticheartandmusicaltalent.Hewasinfatuatedwithlove,butheneverforgottheofficialcareer.Hewantedtobeliterati,buthenevergotridofthedependenceandattachmentoflove.Whenhewasimmersedinthewarmthbetweenmenandwomen,hewasalwaysworriedabouthisreputation.Hewascontradictory,buthiscontradictionnotonlycamefromhimself,butalsocamefromthesocietyhelivedin.Hefailedinhislifeandcareer.Hehadnotimetopayattentiontothesufferingsofthepeople.Instead,heconcentratedonthedeepthinkingandexperienceofhisowndestinyandsurvivalanguish,andtheyearningandpursuitoftruelove.“多情自古伤离别,更那堪,冷落清秋节”(Loverswouldfeelgrieveatpartingasoffeelingcold.Howcouldyoubearthatonthiscoldautumnday?)isonefamousexampleofthat.Heexpressedhisfailureandthepainofdifficultfateinhislyrics.LiQingzhao(1084-1155)wasapoetesswholivedattheturnofBeiSongDynastyandNanSongDynasty.ShewasarepresentativeofWanYueSchool.BecauseofthechangeofherlifeinBeiSongDynastyandNanSongDynasty,thecontentofherlyricspresenteddifferentcharacteristics.Herpreviouslyricsmoretrulyreflectedherboudoirlife,feelingsandthoughts,andthesubjectsmainlyfocusedonthenaturalsceneryandlovesickness.44
ChapterFiveContrastbetweenMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsForinstance,ADream(如梦令),oneofherfamousworks,wasinnovativeandbeautiful.Herlyrics,suchasYiJianMei(一剪梅),DoubleNine(醉花阴),andRecallingflutingonthePhoenixPalace(凤凰台上忆吹箫)andsoon,describedthelonelylifeandlovesicknesstoexpressthedeeploveforherhusband.Butterflyflower,missingsistersinChangleHotelintheevening(蝶恋花·晚止昌乐馆寄姊妹)expressedthenostalgiaforhergirlfriends.Herlyricsmainlydepictedlonelylife,expressinghersadfeelingspursuitoflove.However,itcanalsobeseeninherlyricsthatshelovednature.Comparedwiththoselyricsofearlierstage,lyricsofLiQingzhaowereverydifferentinNanSongDynasty.Thepoliticalrisksandallthemisfortunesinherlifeaftertheruinofthecountrymadehersufferspiritually.Henceherlyricswerefullofdrearinessandlamentemotions.ThereduplicationinSlow,slowtune(声声慢)expresseduncontrollableandunspeakableworrybydepictingtheplight“寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚”(IlookforwhatImiss;Iknownotwhatitis.Ifeelsosad,sodrear,solonely,withoutcheer.—translatedbyXuYuanchong).QingPingLe(清平乐)expressedsadnessby“今年海角天涯,萧萧两鬓生华”(Runningintheendsoftheearthyearbyyear,haironthetemplesonbothsidesbecamewhite).Allthoselamentemotionswerebasedontheruinofthecountryandhermiserablelife.Herlyricsweretheartisticgeneralizationforthepersonalunfortunatefateandsufferinginthatera.XinQiji(1140-1207),apoetinNanSongDynasty,wasarepresentativeofHaoFangSchool.ThenorthhadbeenoccupiedbytheenemyJinpeoplewhenXiQijiwasborn,sohehaswitnessedthesufferingandhumiliationofHanpeopleundertheruleofJinpeople.AllthesemadehimsetanambitionofrestoringtheCentralPlainsandrevengingforthecountry.Whenhewas22,heledmorethan2000peopleinhometowntofightagainstJinpeople.Hetookrevengingforthecountryandrecoveringlostgroundasherlifelongcareer.Hefoughtagainsttheenemyfor20yearsbravely,andsufferedframe-upagainandagain.Finally,hewasunemployedfor20yearsuntilhewasworriedandindignant45
西南大学硕士学位论文todie.Hewrotealotoflyrics,andthebasiccontentofthemwasstrongpatriotismandfightingspirit.Hislyricsexpressedthepatriotismofrestoringnationalreunification,pouredoutthegrieffor“greataspirationsdifficulttofulfill,andcriticizedthehumiliatingsurrenderoftherulinggroupofNanSongDynasty.Inaddition,hewrotealotoflyricsforchantingthemotherland.Hispoetrystyleswerediverse,andfocusingontheboldandunconstrainedstyle.Hewasgoodatusingmetaphortacticsandpeculiarimagination,endowingthemountain,water,windandsoonwithemotionsandpersonalities.C.TheStylesofPoetryInfluencedbythesocialbackgroundandpersonalexperienceofpoets,literatihavedifferenttendenciesinmind.ThestylesofTangpoemsandSonglyricsaredifferentinsomeaspects,sotherearedifferencesbetweentheminexpressingthoughtswithwords.AstothestyleofTangpoemsandSonglyrics,theyhavedifferentatmosphere,inparticular,thegeneralstyleofliterature.Tangpoemsembodythebeautyofmasculine,onthecontrary,Songlyricsstressthebeautyoffeminine.Inaddition,Tangpoemsemphasizesthattheimageisanaestheticrealmcombingthe“intention”oftheaestheticsubjectandtheimageoftheaestheticobject.Songlyricsaremoreinclinedtoexpressthephilosophyoflifebyinfiltratingtheintentionintothespecificobject.What’smore,Tangpoemsembodythemusicalbeautyofthelanguage,whileSonglyricsprovideapicturesquecomposition.TangpoemsandSonglyricsaredifferentintheircontentandformofexpression.Inthecontent,Songlyricshavewiderthemes,suchaspatriotismandnationalspirit,especiallyinNanSongDynasty.ButTangpoemscontainmorecontentsaboutrealizationofindividualgoals,suchasgivingupliteratureforamilitarycareer,especiallyinthesummitofTangDynasty,whichwasfullofidealism,romanticismandheroism.Formtheartisticpointofview,Tangpoemsareunrestrained,firmandvigorous,onthecountry,Songlyricsarerestrained,delicateandimplicit.Intheexpressionofsadness,Tangpoemsemphasizesontragedyandglory,whileSonglyricsstressondesolation.Inaword,Tangpoemsemphasizethebeautyofmasculine,andSonglyricsfavor46
ChapterFiveContrastbetweenMetaphorsof“Leng”inTangPoemsandSongLyricsthebeautyoffeminine.Thatisoneofthereasonswhy“Leng”isusedmorefrequentlyinSonglyricsthaninTangpoems.5.3SummaryInthischapter,wecontrastedthefeaturesofconceptsdenotedby“Leng”andtheirdistributioninTangpoemsandSonglyrics,andthefindingsareasfollows:(1)Mostofthetargetdomainsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsarethesameexceptrelationshipdomainwhichexistsinSonglyricsbutnotinTangpoems.(2)Althoughthemetaphoricalmappingsof“Leng”comefromthecombinationofourexperienceandphenomenacausedbycoldtemperatureinnature,therearedifferentemphasesbetweenTangpoemsandSonglyrics.Forinstance,themappingsFOGISCOLDinvisondomainandWITHEREDSTATEISCOLDinstateofthingsdomainexistinTangpoemsbutnotinSonglyrics.Onthecontrary,INDIFFERENCEISCOLDinrelationshipdomainexistsinSonglyricsbutnotinTangpoems.(3)Inthecorpuswebuild,“Leng”isusedmorefrequentlyinSonglyrics(3.9%)thaninTangpoems(2.8%).Wealsoanalyzedthereasonsforthedifferencesandsimilaritiesinthischapter.Generallyspeaking,therearetworeasonsforthesimilarities:experienceandcognitionofancientpeople,andlanguageinheritance.Whilethereasonsattributetothedifferencesinvolvedifferenthistoricalbackgrounds,personalexperienceandstylesofpoetry.47
ChapterSixConclusionThefinallychapterconsistsoftwoparts.Inthefirstpart,thefindingsandimplicationsofthisresearcharepresentedbyansweringthethreeresearchquestionsputforwardatthebeginningofthisthesis:Whatelsedomainscan“Leng”bemappedontoinTangpomesandSongLyrics?Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesofthoseconceptualdomainsof“Leng”betweenTangpomesandSongLyrics?Andwhatleadstothosesimilaritiesanddifferences?Inthesecondpart,limitationsofthisresearchandsuggestionsforfurtherresearchesarediscussed.6.1MajorFindingsandImplicationsAsanimportantpartofChineseancientliterature,TangpoemsandSonglyricsfaithfullyreflectpeople’slifestyles,socialcustomsandnationalsituationsatthetimewhentheywereproduced,inthatsense,thevalueofTangpoemsandSonglyricsisnotonlyaesthetic,butalsosocialandhistorical.Poetsusuallyusemetaphorstoexpressthecontentofpoemsvividly.InTangpoemsandSonglyrics,thereareplentyofmetaphorsoftemperaturewordswhichofferreadersinspirationandrichreveries.Inthisthesis,theconceptualmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricshavebeenanalyzedandcontrastedfromtheperspectiveoftheConceptualMetaphorTheory.Andthemainfindingsandlimitationsofthisthesisareputforwardinthissection.Byanalysisofthelanguagedatabasedontheclosedcorpus,thefollowingconclusionsaredrawn.First,accordingtotheirownlifeexperiences,humanbeingscanexpresstheirimagesandemotionsbymeansofmetaphorsof“Leng”.Withtheconceptof“Leng”asthesourcedomain,therearemultiplemetaphormappings.TherearefivetargetdomainsofthesemetaphormappingsinTangpoems:vision,emotion,attitude,socialandeconomicstatusandstateofthings;andsixtargetdomainsinSonglyrics:vison,48
ChapterSixConclusionemotion,attitude,socialandeconomicstatues,stateofthingsandrelationship.Mostofabstracttargetdomainsreflectedinmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsarethesame,excepttherelationshipdomainwhichexistsinSonglyricsbutnotinTangpoems.Second,whenreflectingasametargetdomain,differentmappingsareshowedbetweenTangpoemsandSonglyrics.Third,“Leng”isusedmorefrequentlyinSonglyricsthaninTangpoems.Finally,accordingtothepreviousstudy,thesimilaritiesanddifferencesofmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyricsarepresented.Thesesimilaritiesarecausedbythefollowingreasons:coincidenthumanexperience,theuniversalcognitionoftheworldandthelanguageinheritance.Butthedifferenthistoricalbackgrounds,personalexperienceandstylesofpoetrycausethedifferencesbetweenmetaphorsof“Leng”inTangpoemsandSonglyrics.TheConceptualMetaphorTheoryprovidestheoreticalguidanceforthisthesis,andthisresearch,inturn,confirmstheConceptualMetaphorsTheory.Itisprovedthatmetaphorisuniversalandpenetratinginourlife,andtherearealsometaphorsinthecategoryoftemperature.What’smore,thisthesisalsodemonstratesthatthelifeexperienceandhistoricalbackgroundcanmakedifferencesinthecognitionoftemperaturewords,whichprovestheexperiencebasisofconceptualmetaphors.Inaddition,thisthesiscanenhanceabetterunderstandingofTangpoemsandSonglyrics,andtoacertainextent,throwanewlightonteaching,appreciationandtranslationofthem.AnditcanalsoadvanceandenrichthestudiesofChineseancientliterature.6.2LimitationsandSuggestionsBecauseofthelimitationoftimeandenergy,therearestillmanyshortcomingsinthisthesis.Thedataisnotsystematicenougheventhoughwecollectasmuchinformationaspossible,becausethesepoemsmaynotcoverallmetaphoricalmeaningsof“Leng”.Inthatcase,theresultofthisstudycanonlyrepresentthesituationofTangpoemsandSonglyricstoacertainextent.49
西南大学硕士学位论文What’smore,sinceTangpoemsandSonglyricsarewritteninancientChinese,itisdifficulttounderstandalltheversesabsolutely.Althoughwehavereferredtomanyreferencesandmadegreatefforts,theexplanationandtranslationofsomeexamplesinthisthesismaybenotcompletelypersuasive,andtheartisticconceptionofsomeversesmaybeignoredduringanalyzing.Therefore,theconclusionmaybetentative,andfurtherstudieswithmoredatastillneedtobedoneinthefuture.Inaddition,thereisstillahugespaceforthecognitivestudyformetaphororsomeotherphenomenainotherancientliteraryworks.Intheend,wehopethisthesiscangivesomeimplicationstothefuturecognitivestudies,especiallythestudyofancientliterature.50
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AppendixTangPoemsDARKCOLORSARECOLDPoetsandPoems冷落灯火暗,离披帘幕破。白居易《冬夜》天寒素手冷,夜长烛复微。李白《赠裴司马》白日冷无光,黄河冻不流。白居易《新沐浴》天冷日不光,太行峰苍莽.白居易《初入太行路》泉听咽危石,日色冷青松。王维《过香积寺》银烛秋光冷画屏,轻罗小扇扑流萤。杜牧《秋夕》MOONLIGHTISCOLDPoetsandPoems天秋木叶下,月冷莎鸡悲。李白《秋思》白居易《渭村退居寄礼部崔侍郎翰林钱舍云容阴惨澹,月色冷悠扬。人诗一百韵》韵透窗风起,阴铺砌月残。炎天闻觉冷,窄地见白居易《题卢秘书夏日新栽竹二十韵》疑宽。白居易《和李相公留守题漕上新桥六韵(同烟开虹半见,月冷鹤双栖。用黎字)》白居易《江南喜逢萧九彻,因话长安旧游,浦深烟渺渺,沙冷月苍苍。戏赠五十韵》月射冷光新殿宇,风敲清韵古杉松。白居易《南岳横龙寺》浸月冷波千顷练,苞霜新橘万株金。白居易《宿湖中》云含幽兮月添冷,月凝晖兮江漾影。刘禹锡《九华山歌》霜凝上界花开晚,月冷中天果熟迟。刘禹锡《麻姑山》月照石泉金点冷,凤酣箫管玉声微。杜牧《闺情代作》月色冷楚城,淮光透霜空。岑参《送王著作赴淮西幕府》月带虾蟆冷,霜随獬豸寒。岑参《晦日陪侍御泛北池》溪月冷深殿,江云拥回廊。岑参《闻崔十二侍御灌口夜宿报恩寺》FOGISCOLDPoetsandPoems雾冷侵红粉,春阴扑翠钿。杜牧《代吴兴妓春初寄薛军事》SOMEPLANTSARECOLDPoetsandPoems水蓼冷花红簌簌,江蓠湿叶碧凄凄。白居易《竹枝》54
Appendix露杖筇竹冷,风襟越蕉轻。白居易《秋游原上》水蓼冷花红蔟蔟,江蓠湿叶碧萋萋。白居易《杂曲歌辞·竹枝》冷竹风成韵,荒街叶作堆。白居易《初冬即事忆皇甫十》秋风楚竹冷,夜雪巩梅春。杜甫《送孟十二仓曹赴东京选》独宿望海楼,夜深珍木冷。刘禹锡《发苏州后登武丘寺望海楼》杉冷晓猿悲,楚客心欲绝。岑参《下外江舟怀终南旧居》SADNESS/LONELINESS/DISAPPOINTMENTPoetsandPoemsISCOLD素手抽针冷,那堪把剪刀。李白《子夜四时歌·冬歌》天寒素手冷,夜长烛复微。李白《赠裴司马》秋霜欲下手先知,灯底裁缝剪刀冷。白居易《寒闺怨》冷澹病心情,暄和好时节。白居易《花下对酒二首》独有不眠不醉客,经春冷坐古湓城。白居易《春来》渚宫东面烟波冷,浴殿西头钟漏深。白居易《八月十五日夜禁中独直,对月忆元九》饱食安眠消日月,闲谈冷笑接交亲。白居易《快活》谁人会我心中事,冷笑时时一掉头。白居易《感所见》满窗明月满帘霜,被冷灯残拂卧床。白居易《燕子楼三首》白居易《江南喜逢萧九彻,因话长安旧游,浦深烟渺渺,沙冷月苍苍。戏赠五十韵》若为独宿杨梅馆?冷枕单床一病身。白居易《冬至宿杨梅馆》忽惊林下发寒梅,便试花前饮冷杯。白居易《和薛秀才寻梅花同饮见赠》须鬓冻生冰,衣裳冷如水。白居易《早朝贺雪寄陈山人》香浓酒熟能尝否?冷澹诗成肯和无?白居易《闲夜咏怀因招周协律刘薛二秀才》冻花开未得,冷酒酌难醒。白居易《何处春先到》虽当冷落衰残日,还有阳和暖活身。白居易《早春招张宾客》夜半衾裯冷,孤眠懒未能。白居易《寒闺夜》秋霜欲下手先知,灯底裁缝剪刀冷。白居易《空闺怨》何况鸡鸣即须别,门前风雨冷修修。白居易《夜宴惜别》炉温先暖酒,手冷未梳头。白居易《初冬早起寄梦得》晚风犹冷在,夜火且留看。白居易《别春炉》道场夜半香花冷,犹在灯前礼佛名。白居易《吹笙内人出家》自知清冷似冬凌,每被人呼作律僧。白居易《醉后戏题》55
西南大学硕士学位论文水窗席冷未能卧,挑尽残灯秋夜长。白居易《秋房夜》手中稀琥珀,舌上冷醍醐。白居易《早饮湖州酒,寄崔使君》白居易《龙门送别皇甫泽州赴任、韦山人惆怅香山云水冷,明朝便是独游人。南游》鱼龙寂寞秋江冷,故国平居有所思。杜甫《秋兴八首》北雪犯长沙,胡云冷万家。杜甫《对雪》摧颓苍松根,地冷骨未朽。杜甫《述怀》杜甫《奉送郭中丞兼太仆卿充陇右节度使松悲天水冷,沙乱雪山清。三十韵》杜甫《寄彭州高三十五使君适、虢州岑二荆玉簪头冷,巴笺染翰光。十七长史》鸾台夜直衣衾冷,云雨无因入禁城。刘禹锡《和杨师皋给事伤小姬英英》乍起衣犹冷,微吟帽半欹。刘禹锡《酬乐天初冬早寒见寄》兽炉凝冷焰,罗幕蔽晴烟。杜牧《春思》月明伴宿玉堂空,骨冷魂清无梦寐。韩愈《桃源图》INDIFFERENCEISCOLDPoetsandPoems世人见我恒殊调,闻余大言皆冷笑。李白《上李邕(此首萧士赟云是伪作)》一落人间八九年,耳冷不曾闻此曲。白居易《霓裳羽衣歌(和微之)》白居易《酬张十八访宿见赠自此后诗为赞五侯三相家,眼冷不见君。善大夫时所》夜衾香有思,秋簟冷无情。白居易《八月三日夜作》东西亘绝数千里,耳冷不闻胡马声。白居易《城盐州-美圣谟而诮边将也》热饮一两盏,冷吟三五声。白居易《雪朝乘兴欲诣李司徒留守先以五韵戏之》那知今日眼,相见冷于秋。白居易《代人赠王员外》冷暖俗情谙世路,是非闲论任交亲。白居易《迂叟》且向钱唐湖上去,冷吟闲醉二三年。白居易《舟中晚起》归来冷笑悲身事,唤妇呼儿索酒盆。杜牧《哭韩绰》BEINGPOORANDHUMBLEISCOLDPoetsandPoems白居易《酬张十八访宿见赠自此后诗为赞今我官职冷,君君来往频。善大夫时所》博士官犹冷,郎中病已痊。白居易《新昌新居书事四十韵因寄元郎中56
Appendix张博士》白居易《寄杨六杨摄万年县尉予为赞善大青宫官冷静,赤县事繁剧。夫》萧条残活计,冷落旧交亲。白居易《江南谪居十韵》厨冷难留乌止屋,门闲可与雀张罗。白居易《酬梦得贫居咏怀见赠》老宜官冷静,贫赖俸优饶。自题《白居易》一种共君官职冷,不如犹得日高眠。白居易《初授赞善大夫早朝寄李二十助教》莫叹学官贫冷落,犹胜村客病支离。白居易《渭村酬李二十见寄》不嫌贫冷人,时来同一宿。白居易《郭虚舟相访》《题新居寄宣州崔相公所居南邻即崔家冷似雀罗虽少客,宽于蜗舍足容身。池》白居易《晚春闲居杨工部寄诗杨常州寄茶兄弟东西官职冷,门前车马向谁家?同到因以长句》但问适意无,岂论官冷热。白居易《再授宾客分司》主人头白官仍冷,去后怜君是底人?白居易《别周军事》布衾多年冷似铁,娇儿恶卧踏里裂。杜甫《茅屋为秋风所破歌》官冷如浆病满身,凌寒不易过天津。白居易《酬思黯代书见戏》DESOLATIONISCOLDPoetsandPoems冷滑无人迹,苔点如花笺。白居易《游悟真寺诗一百三十韵》荒凉三径草,冷落四邻花。白居易《和春深二十首》园荒唯有薪堪采,门冷兼无雀可罗。白居易《与梦得偶同到敦诗宅感而题壁》莫嫌冷落抛闲地,犹胜炎蒸卧瘴乡。白居易《寄微之时微之为虢州长史》马闲无处出,门冷少人过。白居易《浔阳秋怀赠许明府》WITHEREDSTATEISCOLDPoetsandPoems地冷叶先尽,谷寒云不行。李白《冬日归旧山》风影清似水,霜枝冷如玉。白居易《有木诗八首》SongLyricsDARKCOLORSARECOLDPoetsandPoems今夜送归灯火冷,河塘。堕泪羊公却姓杨。苏轼《南乡子·东武望馀杭》火冷灯稀霜露下。昏昏雪意云垂野。苏轼《蝶恋花密州上元》火冷灯青谁复知,孤舟儿女自咿。苏轼《寄蕲簟与蒲传正》57
西南大学硕士学位论文灯青火冷不成眠,一夜捻须吟喜雪。苏轼《和柳子玉喜雪次韵仍呈述古》寒信风飘霜叶黄,冷灯残月照空床。苏轼《和人回文五首此五首诗为孔平仲作》萧条灯火冷,寒夜何时旦。苏轼《除夜病中赠段屯田》翠色冷光何所似,墙东鬒发堕寒鸦。苏轼《谢宋汉杰惠李承晏墨》冷落黄昏,数声画角。辛弃疾《瑞鹤仙赋梅》冷艳孤光照眼明,只欠些儿雪。张孝祥《卜算子·雪月最相宜》灯晕冷,记初见。刘过《贺新郎·老去相如倦》苍藓沿阶,冷萤黏屋,庭树望秋先陨。周邦彦《丁香结·苍藓沿阶》想广寒光冷,妙舞轻盈。曹勋《满庭芳·秋色澄晖》冷光寒透,有人曾至。曹勋《水龙吟·冻云阁雨》海色天容浸冷光,秋回山谷进风凉。曹勋《和孙倅见贻八首》MOONLIGHTISCOLDPoetsandPoems我游鉴空阁,缺月正凄冷。苏轼《和黄秀才鉴空阁》华灯閟艰岁,冷月挂空府。苏轼《次韵刘景文路分上元》如今见说阑干。不禁月冷霜寒。张孝祥《清平乐·吹香嚼蕊》天近月明黄道冷,参回斗转碧霄空。张孝祥《望江南/忆江南》松深烟锁迳,月冷水明楼。刘过《和大参相公》闲窗漏永,月冷霜华堕。柳永《鹤冲天·闲窗漏永》月露冷、梧叶飘黄。遣情伤。柳永《玉蝴蝶·望处雨收云断》幽栖真在赤城隈,桂月萝云冷斗台。曹勋《杂诗二十七首》月冷桐阴静,霜红桂影寒。曹勋《淮南行二首》曹勋《和贺参政与应宣教诗应居与坟庐相幽筑禅扉俱不远,水光萝月冷相通。近》松鹤移巢,月冷风清。曹勋《偈送刚僧录入塔》人籁暂休天籁息,月华将冷照黄昏。曹勋《冲啬书事》SOMEPLANTSARECOLDPoetsandPoems冷翠多崖竹,孤生有石楠。苏轼《入峡》常于冷竹坐,相语道意冲。苏轼《送淡公二首此诗当为孟郊作》苏轼《壬寅重九不预会独游普门寺僧阁有花开酒美盍不归,来看南山冷翠微。怀子由》松篁通一径。噤嘇山花冷。辛弃疾《菩萨蛮·游人占却岩中屋》鸾鹄飞残梧竹冷,只今归兴却迟迟。辛弃疾《题鹅湖壁》秋叶冷吟风浩荡,晚林烘透日玲珑。刘过《醉中偶成》58
Appendix雾湿罗衣。冷艳须攀最远枝。周邦彦《丑奴儿》疏枝冷蕊欲摇春,照水铺苔不碍尘。曹勋《和曾舍人梅影雪意二首》倚暖花梢清有思,傲霜菊蕊冷犹香。曹勋《和英上人见寄》SADNESS/LONELINESS/DISAPPOINTMENTPoetsandPoemsISCOLD拣尽寒枝不肯栖,寂寞沙洲冷。苏轼《卜算子黄州定慧院寓居作》井桐双照新妆冷。冷妆新照双桐井。苏轼《菩萨蛮·井桐双照新妆冷》湿云不动溪桥冷。嫩寒初透东风影。苏轼《菩萨蛮·湿云不动溪桥冷》不似白云乡外冷,温柔。此去淮南第一州。苏轼《南乡子·千骑试春游》春雨消残冻,温风到冷灰。苏轼《南歌子·寸恨谁云短》别来三度,孤光又满,冷落共谁同醉。苏轼《永遇乐·长忆别时》雪肌冷,玉容真。香腮粉未匀。苏轼《阮郎归·暗香浮动月黄昏》上人学苦空,百念已灰冷。苏轼《送参寥师》强欢虽有酒,冷酌不成席。苏轼《和子由除日见寄》春云阴阴雪欲落,东风和冷惊罗幕。苏轼《四时词》冷砚欲书先自冻,孤灯何事独成花。苏轼《泗州除夜雪中黄师是送酥酒二首》中秋冷坐无因醉,半月长斋未肯辞。苏轼《汪覃秀才久留山中以诗见寄次其韵》熙熙览生物,春意颇凄冷。苏轼《虎丘寺》炉烬冷,鼎香氛,酒寒谁遣为重温?辛弃疾《鹧鸪天·一片归心拟乱云》冷雁寒云渠有恨,春风自满余怀。辛弃疾《临江仙·冷雁寒云渠有恨》炙手炎来,掉头冷去,无限长安客。辛弃疾《念奴娇·君诗好处》香火冷残箫鼓。斜阳门外今古。辛弃疾《河渎神·芳草绿萋萋》疏蝉响涩林逾静,冷蝶飞轻菊半开。辛弃疾《瑞鹧鸪》长夜偏冷添被儿。枕头儿、移了又移。辛弃疾《恋绣衾》醉里谤花花莫恨,浑冷淡,有谁知。辛弃疾《江神子/江城子赋梅,寄余叔良》老子婆婆成独冷。谁省。自挑寒灺自添香。张孝祥《定风波·铃索声乾夜未央》杜老情疏,黄州恨冷,谁怜幽独。张孝祥《锦园春·醉痕潮玉》念丹霞秋冷,风巾雾屦,五湖春暖,雨笠烟蓑。刘过《沁园春·一别三年》钗玉冷,钏金瘦。刘过《贺新郎·倦舞轮袍後》湿青丝双辔冷,缓鞚野梅江路。刘过《贺新郎·晓印霜花步》冷烟衰草凄迷,伤心兴废,赖有阳春古郢。刘过《西吴曲》殿转牛衣冷不禁,著人无奈晓寒侵。刘过《霜寒舟中》寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。李清照《声声慢·寻寻觅觅》59
西南大学硕士学位论文多情自古伤离别,更那堪冷落清秋节!柳永《雨霖铃·寒蝉凄切》春困厌厌,抛掷斗草工夫,冷落踏青心绪。柳永《其二》免憔悴东篱,冷烟寒雨。柳永《受恩深》坠冷枫败叶,疏红零乱。柳永《阳台路·楚天晚》瑶珂响、起栖鸟,金镫冷、敲残月。柳永《塞孤》素光动、云涛涨晚,紫翠冷、霜巘横秋。柳永《其五(重阳)》唤起两眸清炯炯,泪花落枕红绵冷。周邦彦《蝶恋花·月皎惊鸟栖不定》秋阴时晴渐向暝,变一庭凄冷。周邦彦《关河令/清商怨》那堪飘风递冷,故遣度幕穿窗。周邦彦《红林擒近·高柳春才软》箭水冷冷刻漏长。愁中看晓光。周邦彦《长相思·举离觞》密密围毡红兽暖,有人陌上冷征衣。曹勋《酒泉子·帘幕闲垂》江寒侵老泪,霜冷逼宵眠。曹勋《游庐山涂中杂诗三首》斜风吹雪冷征衣,来见长眉老阿师。曹勋《与印老同访天封老至夕忘归》清昼静居香冷,风动万年枝。曹勋《法曲入破第二/法曲》INDIFFERENCEISCOLDPoetsandPoems嗟予与子久离群,耳冷心灰百不闻。苏轼《赠孙莘老七绝》先生可是绝俗人,神清骨冷无由俗。苏轼《书林逋诗后》要知水味孰冷暖,始信梦时非幻妄。苏轼《赠昙秀》面目太严冷,滋味绝媚妩。苏轼《食槟榔》何处霜眉碧眼客,结为三友冷相看。苏轼《佛日山荣长老方丈五绝》BEINGPOORANDHUMBLEISCOLDPoetsandPoems细雨郊园聊种菜,冷官门户可张罗。苏轼《次韵杨褒早春》冷官门户日萧条,亲旧音书半寂寥。苏轼《谢张太原送蒲桃》白发怜君,儒冠曾误,平生官冷。辛弃疾《水龙吟·倚栏看碧成朱》谁咏寒枝入国风,广文官冷更诗穷。辛弃疾《和吴克明广文赋梅》DESOLATIONISCOLDPoetsandPoems居民萧条杂麋鹿,小市冷落无鸡豚。苏轼《答吕梁仲屯田》君不见,王亭谢馆,冷烟寒树啼乌。辛弃疾《汉宫春会稽蓬莱阁观雨》菰蒲乍冷横烟淡,鸥路惊秋立水轻。刘过《雨作妨登山》水风飕石冷,云月堕檐低。刘过《吴尉东阁西亭》渐霜风凄紧,关河冷落,残照当楼。柳永《八声甘州·对潇潇暮雨洒江天》酒旗渔市,冷落杏花村。周邦彦《满庭芳·山崦笼春》向露冷风清,无人处,耿耿寒漏咽。周邦彦《浪淘沙慢》60
Appendix冷雨与寒烟,深惜易尘埃。曹勋《山居杂诗九十首》还是关河冷落,斜阳衰草,苇村山驿。曹勋《选冠子·秀木撑空》DISTANTRELATIONSHIPISCOLDPoetsandPoems密凭归雁寄芳音。恐冷落、旧时心。柳永《燕归梁·织锦裁编写意深》61